Mainland spouses

The term "mainland spouses" (traditional Chinese: 大陸配偶; simplified Chinese: 大陆配偶; pinyin: Dàlù pèi'ǒu) is used primarily in Taiwan to refer to people from mainland China who are spouses of Taiwanese people. The Taiwanese government regards them as new residents of Taiwan in accordance with the law. The People's Republic of China refers to them as persons involved in cross-strait marriages. The Terminology for Cross-Strait Marriage and Family Services implemented by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in December 2015 stipulates that the parties involved in cross-strait marriages are collectively referred to as cross-strait spouses, and mainland residents are referred to as spouse from Mainland.[1]

Among cross-border marriages in Taiwan, the number of spouses from mainland China is the largest.[2] As of 2024, there were 366,591 mainland spouses in Taiwan. Since more than 90% of the marriages are between women from mainland China and men from Taiwan, Taiwanese news media often refer to them as "mainland Chinese brides". Some people believe that mainland spouses are treated differently by the Republic of China government and their rights are inferior to those of foreign spouses.[3]

The Cross-Strait Act defines "people of the Mainland Area" as residents who have household registration in the Mainland Area. Regarding spouses from Hong Kong and Macau, the definition in the Act Governing Relations between Hong Kong and Macau is different from that of "people of the Mainland Area". In practice, "people of the Mainland Area" are classified as "foreigners with special or special status" who are different from ordinary foreigners. The term is used to echo the preamble of the Additional Articles of the Constitution, which states that "it is necessary to meet the needs before national unification."[4]

In 1992, the Taiwanese government opened up settlement opportunities for mainland spouses in Taiwan. According to relevant laws and regulations, mainland spouses can apply for dependent residence after being permitted to enter Taiwan. After four years of dependent residence, they can apply for long-term residence. After two years of long-term residence, they can apply for settlement by submitting proof of loss of their original place of residence. At this time (the minimum period is six years from the start of dependent residence), they can register their household and apply for a national identification card. Their status is changed to that of a citizen of Taiwan. Under the laws of the People's Republic of China, their status is changed to that of a resident of Taiwan.[5]: 12, 15 

The author of the Republic of China, Hsiao Li-ching, compared the rights of mainland spouses and foreign spouses, including the right to enter Taiwan, residency, settlement, work, academic recognition, and public service. Foreign spouses were superior to mainland spouses, while mainland spouses were subject to the greatest restrictions.[3] In 2002, the Chen Shui-bian government planned to extend the period for mainland spouses to obtain national identification cards from eight years to eleven years, four years more than foreign spouses, but this was not implemented.[6] In 2003, the Chen Shui-bian government implemented an interview system for mainland spouses visiting Taiwan, while there were no relevant regulations for foreign spouses. In 2009, the Ma Ying-jeou government shortened the period for mainland spouses to obtain national identification cards to six years, and abolished the restrictions on mainland spouses inheriting property, and relaxed the number of days for mainland spouses' parents to visit relatives. In 2016, Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) legislators overturned the bill that "shortened the period for mainland spouses to obtain national identification cards from six years to four years".[7]

Political activities

After mainland spouses obtain Taiwanese citizenship, they acquire the status of Taiwanese citizens and have the right to vote. However, according to the Cross-Strait Act, they can only serve as civil servants after ten years of holding Taiwanese citizenship. In 2006, the Judicial Yuan reviewed this legal provision, deeming it to be in accordance with the principle of proportionality, thus establishing the constitutional basis for regulating the political rights of mainland spouses.[8]

Since there are more than 300,000 mainland spouses in Taiwan, many of them have obtained national identification cards, have the right to vote, and some have run for office. As of 2014, there are candidates such as Gao Dandan, who ran for the Kuomintang party representative, and Lu Yuexiang of the China Production Party, who actively assisted the Kuomintang in the election. In 2018, a mainland spouse surnamed Huang was elected as a village chief in Taipei City; in 2022, mainland spouses were elected as village chiefs in Taipei City and Hualien County. In August 2021, mainland spouse Shi Xueyan was promoted to Nantou County Councilor and served her term until December 2022, becoming the first mainland spouse county and city councilor since the implementation of the Cross-Strait Relations Act.[8]

As the Taiwanization movement spread, more Taiwanese have begun viewing "China" as a "foreign country". Therefore, some people question whether mainland spouses are "possessing foreign nationality" and that, according to the Nationality Law, they should "lose Chinese nationality" in order to hold public office. However, in reality, according to the laws of the People's Republic of China, all residents of Taiwan are Chinese citizens and possess the nationality of the People's Republic of China, regardless of whether they were born in mainland China. In practice before 2022, the Election Commission or government agencies would not require mainland spouses elected as local representatives to "renounce Chinese nationality".[9]

In December 2024, in response to the fact that Lee Chen-hsiu of the Taiwan People's Party was going to be elected as a legislator, the Lai Ching-te government cited Article 20 of the Nationality Act to abolish the public office of Shih Hsueh-yen, who had already stepped down as a councilor of Nantou County. This matter caused widespread controversy. Lin Kuo-cheng, a legislator from the Taiwan People's Party, believes that since the government has found a contradiction in the law, it should take the initiative to amend it. She said that whether it is amending the Nationality Act or the Cross-Strait Relations Act, the government should take action, otherwise, the current system would be very unfair to mainland spouses in politics. Shih Hsueh-yen filed an administrative appeal on this matter, which was rejected, and then filed an administrative lawsuit with the Taipei High Administrative Court.[10]

In August 2025, Fuli Township, Hualien County, dismissed Deng Wanhua, the village chief of Xuetian Village, at the request of the Ministry of the Interior. Township Chief Jiang Dongcheng said that he did not agree with the Ministry of the Interior's interpretation of Taiwan and the mainland as two countries and that "the mainland spouse has foreign nationality".[11] However, the central government threatened to send him to the Control Yuan for investigation for "negligence of duty" and strongly demanded that the local government dismiss him.[12][13] Therefore, he decided to dismiss him to make the dispute transparent and hoped that the judicial power would make a determination through administrative litigation.  Before the judicial litigation, the case went through administrative appeal.[14] On October 29, the Hualien County Government ruled to revoke the dismissal.[15][16] In response to the county government's appeal decision, the Ministry of the Interior said that the local government should handle the matter according to the central government's interpretation and there was no room for other interpretations.[17] It will send another letter to the Fuli Township Office, requesting that it handle the dismissal in accordance with the Nationality Act and the interpretation of the central competent authority.[18]

On November 20, Lo Chih-chiang, secretary-general of the Kuomintang caucus in the Legislative Yuan, said that he would propose to amend the Nationality Act to explicitly exclude the application of the article to the "Chinese nationality" of mainland spouses who have already naturalized. Huang Kuo-chang, convener of the Taiwan People's Party caucus in the Legislative Yuan, said on November 21 that the Lai Ching-te government had abandoned the correct handling method of the Tsai Ing-wen government and arbitrarily interpreted or applied the law, infringing on the rights and interests of new immigrants. If the interpretation, application and amendment of the Cross-Strait Act are returned to the original state, the matter can be rectified. He also said the TPP would continue to proceed normally with the replacement of Lee Chen-hsiu under the "two-year clause" for legislators.[19]

At the same time, there are four similar cases, including Wang Minru, the head of Xinyi Village in Songshan District, Taipei City; Teng Yuelan, the head of Yanshou Village in Tucheng District, New Taipei City; Lin Xiuzhen, the head of Chongnan Village in Zhonghe District; and Peng Xiaolin, the head of Kejian Village in Xinwu District, Taoyuan City. These cases are facing doubts about the application of law and the determination of legal issues.[20] The relevant municipal government units are discussing the matter with the central government.  In fact, the Ministry of the Interior has already sent letters to the Control Yuan in May 2025 requesting investigation and handling of the dismissal of mainland spouses.[21]

Statistics

According to statistics from the National Immigration Agency, as of 2024, a total of 366,591 mainland spouses had married Taiwanese. Among them, 23,319 were male and 343,272 were female.[22] They are the largest group of foreign spouses in Taiwan (including those from Hong Kong and Macau). In 2008, there were about 30,000 mainland spouses who obtained work permits through family reunification, with the majority being economically disadvantaged and occupationally disadvantaged.[3]

Total number of people

  • This table is progressive and is not updated annually.
  • The statistics published on the website of the National Immigration Agency of the Ministry of the Interior are from 2004 onwards. This table only includes citizens whose original nationality was the People's Republic of China and also includes those who have acquired the nationality of the Republic of China, in order to conform to the definition in this article.
  • Statistics for 2014 up to the end of September.
  • "Percentage" refers to the percentage of all foreign spouses.
  • Since 2009, the Ministry of the Interior has kept separate statistics on the number of applicants and the number of approved applicants. This table only includes the number of applications.
Year Male Female Total Percentage (%) Ref.
2004 9,815 194,990 204,805 60.86 [23]
2005 10,256 212,954 223,210 61.22 [23]
2006 10,677 227,508 238,185 62.15 [23]
2007 11,033 240,165 251,198 62.95 [23]
2008 11,408 251,293 262,701 63.54 [23]
2009 11,867 262,155 274,022 63.80 [24]
2010 12,427 271,702 284,129 64.12 [25]
2011 13,248 282,847 296,095 64.45 [26]
2012 14,135 292,379 306,514 64.78 [27]
2013 14,939 300,966 315,905 64.91 [28]
2014 15,500 306,183 321,683 64.83 [2]
2016 17,044 318,338 335,382 64.36 [22]
2017 17,193 320,645 337,838 63.68 [22]
2018 17,821 325,049 342,870 63.05 [22]
2019 18,975 330,157 349,132 62.63 [22]
2020 19,314 331,609 350,923 62.08 [22]
2021 19,554 332,360 351,914 61.76 [22]
2022 20,390 334,734 355,124 61.45 [22]
2023 22,027 339,540 361,567 61.02 [22]
2024 23,319 343,272 366,591 60.47 [22]

References

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