Longmen (mythology)

In Chinese mythology, Longmen (simplified Chinese: 龙门; traditional Chinese: 龍門; pinyin: lóngmén; Jyutping: lung4 mun4; lit. 'Dragon Gate') is located at the top of a waterfall cascading from a legendary mountain. The legend states that while many carp swim upstream against the river's strong current, few are capable or brave enough for the final leap over the waterfall. If a carp successfully makes the jump, it is transformed into a powerful dragon.[1]

Legends

According to tradition, a carp that could swim upstream and then leap the falls of the Yellow River at Dragon Gate (Longmen) would be transformed into a dragon. This motif symbolizes success in the civil service examinations. The Dragon Gate is located at the border of Shanxi and Shaanxi where the Yellow River flows through a cleft in the Longmen mountains, supposedly made by Yu the Great, who cut through the mountain.[2]

According to one account, forceful water brought many carp down the river, and the carp could not swim back. The carp complained to Yu the Great. His wife, the Jade Emperor's daughter, explained to her father on behalf of the carp. The Jade Emperor promised that if those carp could leap over the Dragon Gate, then they would become mighty dragons. Thus, all the carp competed at a yearly competition to leap the Longmen falls; those who succeeded were immediately transformed into dragons and flew off into the sky.[3]

Pictures of carp attempting to leap the Longmen falls have been enduringly popular in China and other parts of Asia such as Japan (known as Tōryūmon). There are other Dragon Gates (Longmen) in China's rivers, typically with steep narrows, and the mythological geography does not depend upon an actual location. Many other waterfalls in China also have the name Dragon Gate and much the same is said about them. Other famous Dragon Gates are on the Wei River where it passes through the Lung Sheu Mountains and at Tsin in Shanxi Province. The "flying carp" or "silver carp" (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is native to China and other parts of Asia.[4][5]

Idiom

The fish's jumping feature is referred to in such proverbial idioms as "a carp leaping the Dragon Gate" (simplified Chinese: 鲤鱼跳龙门; traditional Chinese: 鯉魚跳龍門; pinyin: lǐyú tiào lóngmén; Jyutping: lei5 jyu4 tiu3 lung4 mun4). This vividly symbolizes a sudden uplift in one's social status, such as when one ascends into the upper society or has found favor with the royal or a noble family, perhaps through marriage. It was used in particular to describe success in the imperial examination. In the modern Sinosphere, such idioms are often used to encourage students or children to achieve success through hard work and perseverance, especially in school tests and examinations.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lewis, Mark Edward (February 2012). The Flood Myths of Early China. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8222-3.
  2. ^ Eberhard, 1983:57-58
  3. ^ Christie, 1968: 65 and 74
  4. ^ Hirschmann, Kris (2011). Dragons. Capstone. ISBN 978-1-60152-359-4.
  5. ^ 瓷器上的龍紋特展目錄. 國立故宮博物院. 1983.

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