List of most massive star clusters

Below are lists of the most massive known star clusters in solar masses (M☉) and sorted in descending order.

Methods for mass estimation

Globular cluster

Globular cluster masses can be determined by observing the proper motion of nearby stars influenced by the cluster[1][2] or by estimating the cluster's relaxation time.[3]

Open clusters

The masses of open star clusters can be estimated by measuring the falloff of radial and tangential velocities of surrounding stars at a particular distance.[4]

List

Globular clusters

List of most massive globular clusters
Cluster name Mass (M☉);
(Sun = 1×100) 		Galaxy Notes
[BHK2005] 326[a] 5.50×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4571 5 4.68×107[6] NGC 4571
[DBT2008] NGC 4449 398 3.89×107[6] NGC 4449
[BHK2005] 311 3.63×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 53 3.63×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 1102 2.82×107[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 347 2.29×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 2 2.09×107[6] NGC 4713
[BHK2005] 76 1.62×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 14 1.58×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 3 1.38×107[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 315 1.35×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 320 1.35×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 118 1.20×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 338 1.17×107[5] Condor Galaxy
B037-V327 1.08+0.17
−0.049×107[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 331 1.05×107[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 352 1.02×107[5] Condor Galaxy
Mayall II ≳1×107[8] Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 2 7.76×106[5] Condor Galaxy
Markarian 71 7.24×106[9] NGC 2366
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 691 6.61×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
B082-G144 6.42+0.16
−0.38×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B023-G078 6.22+0.03
−0.05×106[10] 		Andromeda Galaxy Potentially contains an intermediate-mass black hole of 9.1+2.6
−2.8×104 M☉.[10]
B127-G185 5.31+0.28
−0.40×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4571 4 5.25×106[6] NGC 4571
[BHK2005] 64 5.25×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 206 5.13×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 227 5.13×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 658 4.90×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[DBT2008] DDO 165 16 4.79×106[6] DDO 165
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 1033 4.79×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 210 4.57×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 303 4.57×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B151-G205 4.36+0.16
−0.20×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
G001-MII 4.24+0.99
−0.58×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B225-G280 4.20+0.32
−0.35×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
ω Centauri (3.94±0.02)×106[11] Milky Way Most massive star cluster in the Milky Way.[11]
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 643 3.89×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 257 3.57×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 1149 3.16×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
B129 3.12+0.11
−0.13×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B088-G150 2.86+0.33
−0.14×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B163-G217 2.72+0.11
−0.092×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 11 2.69×106[6] NGC 4713
[DBT2008] NGC 2552 17 2.69×106[6] NGC 2552
[BHK2005] 374 2.69×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 248 2.63×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B042-G104 2.62+0.30
−0.15×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 247 2.51×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
B338-G076 2.49+0.28
−0.46×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 264 2.45×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 229 2.40×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 258 2.40×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 100 2.34×106[6] NGC 4713
B158-G213 2.28+0.25
−0.15×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 241 2.14×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 301 2.14×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 282 2.04×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B103-G165 2.02+0.13
−0.17×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 369 2.00×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B193-G244 1.96+0.086
−0.065×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 63 1.95×106[6] NGC 4713
[BHK2005] 354 1.95×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B063-G124 1.93+0.27
−0.25×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B019-G072 1.89+0.26
−0.10×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4485 49 1.86×106[6] NGC 4485
B171-G222 1.84+0.16
−0.083×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B039-G101 1.81+0.23
−0.16×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 47 1.78×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
HK NGC 2403 221 1.75×106[12] NGC 2403
[BHK2005] 304 1.74×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 93 1.70×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[BHK2005] 176 1.70×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B306-G029 1.67+0.21
−0.11×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 224 1.66×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B218-G272 1.64+0.27
−0.18×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B124-NB10 1.60+0.52
−0.55×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
MITA140 1.57+0.14
−0.15×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4485 453 1.55×106[6] NGC 4485
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 1029 1.55×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
B091D-D058 1.54+0.094
−0.11×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 1120 1.51×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
B020-G073 1.51+0.21
−0.16×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B116-G178 1.45+0.16
−0.073×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 50 1.44×106[6] NGC 4713
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 9 1.44×106[6] NGC 4713
[DBT2008] NGC 4485 101 1.44×106[6] NGC 4485
B182-G233 1.41+0.20
−0.24×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 54 (1.41±0.002)×106[3] Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 120 1.38×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 155 1.38×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B094-G156 1.38+0.10
−0.11×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 27 1.35×106[6] NGC 4713
B174-G226 1.36+0.15
−0.19×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B147-G199 1.34+0.038
−0.041×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B055-G116 1.32+0.073
−0.085×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B006-G058 1.31+0.10
−0.049×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 319 1.29×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B178-G229 1.28+0.20
−0.21×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B206-G257 1.27+0.21
−0.29×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B068-G130 1.26+0.13
−0.10×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B311-G033 1.24+0.074
−0.14×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 706 1.23×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 172 1.23×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B034-G096 1.23+0.21
−0.092×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B012-G064 1.23+0.088
−0.14×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6441 (1.23±0.001)×106[3] Milky Way
B110-G172 1.22+0.17
−0.12×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 346 1.20×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4656 188 1.17×106[6] Hockey Stick Galaxies
[BHK2005] 231 1.17×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B005-G052 1.16+0.22
−0.094×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B051-G114 1.15+0.19
−0.10×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B086-G148 1.14+0.071
−0.10×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 782 1.12×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 212 1.12×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B472-D064 1.12+0.14
−0.12×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B312-G035 1.12+0.18
−0.18×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B017-G070 1.11+0.14
−0.12×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B240-G302 1.11+0.17
−0.15×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 596 1.10×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 385 1.10×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B072 1.08+0.13
−0.083×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B112-G174 1.08+0.078
−0.057×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B405-G351 1.08+0.20
−0.18×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] IC 3521 1 1.07×106[6] IC 3521
[BHK2005] 276 1.07×106[5] Condor Galaxy
B373-G305 1.07+0.22
−0.10×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B058-G119 1.06+0.13
−0.17×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6388 (1.06±0.001)×106[3] Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 228 1.05×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
B224-G279 1.05+0.11
−0.085×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B096-G158 1.04+0.067
−0.061×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B185-G235 1.03+0.11
−0.070×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 287 1.00×106[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 222 1.00×106[5] Condor Galaxy
[RBF2020] NGC 2403 AS053 1.00×106[12] NGC 2403
NGC 2419 (9.81±1.42)×105[3] None[13]
B179-G230 9.78+1.33
−1.43×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 173 9.77×105[5] Condor Galaxy
NGC 2808 9.73+0.04
−0.04×106[14] 		Milky Way
Messier 3 9.57×105[15] Milky Way
B143-G198 9.55+0.31
−0.36×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B027-G087 9.54+1.35
−1.08×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
MGC1 9.54+1.35
−1.08×105[7] 		None[13]
EXT8 9.40+0.34
−0.31×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 76 9.33×105[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[BHK2005] 268 9.33×105[5] Condor Galaxy
B204-G254 9.22+0.48
−0.71×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B205-G256 9.16+1.74
−1.57×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 709 9.12×105[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 24 9.12×105[6] NGC 4713
[BHK2005] 447 9.12×105[5] Condor Galaxy
B045-G108 9.06+1.29
−0.60×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B135-G192 9.04+0.93
−0.80×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B061-G122 8.98+1.26
−0.75×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B131-G189 8.85+2.93
−1.32×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B383-G318 8.80+1.13
−0.90×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B381-G315 8.69+1.34
−0.66×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B212-G263 8.62+0.81
−0.68×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B107-G169 8.59+1.04
−1.32×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 5 8.57×105[15] Milky Way
B183-G234 8.24+0.88
−0.82×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B384-G319 8.21+0.41
−0.60×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4485 136 8.13×105[6] NGC 4485
NGC 6440 8.11×105[15] Milky Way
B232-G286 8.01+0.91
−0.39×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 2552 8 7.94×105[6] NGC 2552
B122-G181 7.88+1.34
−0.72×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B073-G134 7.80+0.53
−0.64×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 5824 (7.79±0.42)×105[3] Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 100 7.76×105[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
Messier 13 7.75×105[15] Milky Way
B386-G322 7.74+2.31
−1.69×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 14 (7.74±0.61)×105[3] Milky Way
B106-G168 7.54+0.54
−0.52×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B313-G036 7.41+1.34
−1.01×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 1200 7.24×105[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 97 7.24×105[6] NGC 4713
NGC 5286 7.13×105[15] Milky Way
B030-G091 7.10+0.32
−0.39×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
ξ Tucanae (47 Tucanae) 7.10×105[16] Milky Way
[BHK2005] 232 7.08×105[5] Condor Galaxy
Messier 62 (7.07±0.05)×105[3] Milky Way
PA53 6.93+1.47
−0.81×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 624 6.92×105[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 72 6.92×105[6] NGC 4713
[BHK2005] 456 6.92×105[5] Condor Galaxy
B153 6.86+5.45
−0.79×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 19 (6.80±0.59)×105[3] Milky Way
Liller 1 (6.66±1.17)×105[3] Milky Way
B109-G170 6.63+0.71
−0.62×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 77 6.61×105[6] NGC 4713
B514-MCGC4 6.52+0.76
−0.58×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B080-G141 6.50+1.00
−0.74×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B148-G200 6.49+1.14
−0.96×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[BHK2005] 397 6.46×105[5] Condor Galaxy
Messier 22 6.44×105[15] Milky Way
NGC 2404 6.40×105[12] NGC 2403
B370-G300 6.40+0.56
−0.81×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4656 96 6.31×105[6] Hockey Stick Galaxies
[BHK2005] 262 6.31×105[5] Condor Galaxy
PA16 6.27+0.32
−0.29×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 2 6.27+0.09
−0.09×105[14] 		Milky Way
B379-G312 6.25+0.69
−0.47×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4449 201 6.17×105[6] NGC 4449
[DBT2008] NGC 4656 217 6.17×105[6] Hockey Stick Galaxies
Messier 15 6.14+0.07
−0.07×105[14] 		Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 4485 221 6.03×105[6] NGC 4485
[DBT2008] NGC 4485 131 6.03×105[6] NGC 4485
NGC 5986 5.99×105[15] Milky Way
B038-G098 5.98+0.72
−0.30×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B078-G140 5.94+0.93
−0.50×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B044-G107 5.93+0.86
−0.61×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B029-G090 5.92+1.57
−0.66×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
G002-MIII 5.90+0.47
−0.30×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 8 5.89×105[6] NGC 4713
[DBT2008] NGC 4656 223 5.89×105[6] Hockey Stick Galaxies
Messier 75 (5.86±1.24)×105[3] Milky Way
B180-G231 5.83+1.01
−0.68×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B260 5.76+1.37
−0.63×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4449 294 5.75×105[6] NGC 4449
[BHK2005] 121 5.75×105[5] Condor Galaxy
B344-G127 5.74+0.76
−0.87×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6541 5.72×105[15] Milky Way
Terzan 5 (5.66±0.71)×105[3] Milky Way
NGC 6139 5.66×105[15] Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 418 5.62×105[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 79 5.62×105[6] NGC 4713
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 52 5.62×105[6] NGC 4713
[DBT2008] NGC 4656 176 5.62×105[6] Hockey Stick Galaxies
[BHK2005] 438 5.62×105[5] Condor Galaxy
B233-G287 5.51+0.79
−1.23×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6284 (5.51±1.13)×105[3] Milky Way
NGC 1851 5.51×105[15] Milky Way
Messier 28 5.51×105[15] Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 80 5.50×105[6] NGC 4713
B403-G348 5.45+0.82
−0.45×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B098 5.38+0.25
−0.30×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 5457 598 5.37×105[6] Pinwheel Galaxy
[DBT2008] NGC 4190 2 5.37×105[6] NGC 4190
NGC 6539 5.36×105[15] Milky Way
NGC 6539 5.36×105[15] Milky Way
B257-V219 5.35+1.17
−0.58×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B001-G039 5.34+0.85
−0.48×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 53 5.3+0.1
−0.1×105[14] 		Milky Way
NGC 6517 5.26×105[15] Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 4571 10 5.25×105[6] NGC 4571
[DBT2008] NGC 4656 197 5.25×105[6] Hockey Stick Galaxies
[DBT2008] NGC 4449 401 5.13×105[6] NGC 4449
B001-G039 5.04+0.39
−0.35×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
PA46 5.02+0.53
−0.36×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 80 5.02×105[15] Milky Way
[DBT2008] NGC 4713 4 5.01×105[6] NGC 4713
[BHK2005] 221 5.01×105[5] Condor Galaxy
B130-G188 5.01+0.42
−0.56×105[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy

Open clusters

List of most massive open clusters
Cluster name Mass (M☉);
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy Notes
NGC 1569-B (4.4±1.1)×105[17] NGC 1569
NGC 1569-A (3.3±0.5)×105[18] NGC 1569
RMC 136 8.7×104[19] Large Magellanic Cloud Contains the most massive known star R136a1 at 196+34
−27 M☉.[20]
NGC 346 5×104[21] Small Magellanic Cloud
Ara Cluster (Westerlund 1) 4.4 – 5.7 × 104[22] Milky Way
Stephenson 2 (RSGC2) 4×104[23] Milky Way
RSGC1 (3±1)×104[23] Milky Way
RSGC3 (3±1)×104[23] Milky Way
NGC 3603 (1.9±0.6)×104[24] Milky Way


See also

References

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  9. ^ Melena, Nicholas (2009). "Bright Ultraviolet Regions and Star Formation Characteristics in Nearby Dwarf Galaxies". NASA ADS. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
  10. ^ a b Pechetti, Renuka; Seth, Anil; Kamann, Sebastian; Caldwell, Nelson; Strader, Jay; den Brok, Mark; Luetzgendorf, Nora; Neumayer, Nadine; Voggel, Karina (11 January 2022). "Detection of a 100,000 M☉ black hole in M31's Most Massive Globular Cluster: A Tidally Stripped Nucleus". The Astrophysical Journal. 924 (2): 13. arXiv:2111.08720. Bibcode:2022ApJ...924...48P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac339f. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 244270260.
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  1. ^ The article states that the star clusters over 108 are likely multiple clusters, and therefore are not added to the list.
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