List of automobile drag coefficients

This is a list of automobile drag coefficients (Cd) and drag areas (CdA) for production, limited-production, and concept or experimental vehicles. The drag coefficient is a dimensionless measure of aerodynamic resistance used in automotive design; a lower value indicates a more streamlined vehicle that passes through the air with less resistance. The drag area (CdA) is the product of the drag coefficient and the vehicle's frontal reference area, and represents the total aerodynamic drag force per unit of dynamic pressure — making it a more complete measure of real-world aerodynamic performance than the drag coefficient alone.

Entries are grouped first by drag coefficient and then by drag area. Within each grouping, production vehicles and concept or experimental vehicles are listed separately. Unless otherwise noted, figures given are for the base model of a vehicle in a standard configuration. Measurements can vary by up to 5% depending on the wind tunnel and test methodology used.[1]

Drag coefficients

The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.25 and 0.3. Sport utility vehicles (SUVs), with their typically boxy shapes, typically achieve a Cd=0.35–0.45. The drag coefficient of a vehicle is affected by the shape of body of the vehicle. Various other characteristics affect the coefficient of drag as well, and are taken into account in these examples. Some sports cars have a surprisingly high drag coefficient (such as the Ariel Atom at 0.40), but this is to compensate for the amount of lift the vehicle generates, while others use aerodynamics to their advantage to gain speed and as a result have much lower drag coefficients.

Some examples of Cd follow. Figures given are generally for the basic model, which may not be available in some markets. Some "high performance" models may actually have higher drag, due to wider tires, extra spoilers and larger cooling systems as many basic/low power models have half size radiators with the remaining area blanked off to reduce cooling and engine bay drag.

The Cd of a given vehicle will vary depending on which wind tunnel it is measured in. Variations of up to 5% have been documented[2] and variations in test technique and analysis can also make a difference. So if the same vehicle with a drag coefficient of Cd=0.30 was measured in a different tunnel it could be anywhere from Cd=0.285 to Cd=0.315.

Production cars

Production cars — drag coefficient (Cd)
Cd Automobile Calendar Year
0.7 to 1.1 typical values for a Formula One car (downforce settings change for each circuit)
0.74 Legends car
0.7 Caterham Seven
0.65 to 0.75 Lotus Seven 1957–1972
0.6 + a typical truck
0.59[3] Land Rover Defender 2008
0.57 Hummer H2 2003
0.54 Mercedes Benz G-Class
0.51 Volkswagen Westfalia Camper 1980–1991
0.51 Citroën 2CV 1948
0.48 Rover Mini 1998
0.48 Volkswagen Beetle (original design)[4][5] 1938
0.48 Volkswagen Cabriolet (Rabbit Convertible)[6] 1979–1993
0.47 Lancia Aprilia[7] 1937
0.46 Ford Mustang (coupe) 1979
0.46 Lincoln Town Car (sedan) 1985–1989[8]
0.454[9] Jeep Wrangler (JL) 2018
0.45 Dodge Viper RT/10 1996
0.45 Mercury Grand Marquis (sedan) 1988–1991[10]
0.45 Range Rover Classic 1990
0.45 Volkswagen Gol G1 1980
0.44 Volkswagen Vanagon 1980–1991
0.44 Ford Mustang (fastback) 1979
0.44 Peugeot 305 1978
0.44 Peugeot 504 1968
0.44 Toyota Truck 1990
0.43 TVR 3000S 1978–79
0.425 Duple 425 coach
(named for its low Cd by coach standards)		 1985
0.42 Lamborghini Countach 1974
0.42 Plymouth Duster 1994
0.42 Triumph Spitfire Mk IV 1971
0.41 Smart Roadster 2003
0.41 Volvo 740 (sedan) 1982
0.405 Subaru Forester 1997–2002[11]
0.40 Chevrolet Astro 1995–2005[12]
0.40 Mercury Cougar 1983–1986
0.40 Ariel Atom 2002[13]
0.40 Ford Escape Hybrid 2005
0.40 Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 1989
0.40 Jaguar XJS 1976–1996
0.40 Ford Ranger 2011–2015[14]
0.39 Chevrolet Tahoe 2006
0.39 MG ZR 2001
0.39 Dodge Durango 2004
0.39 Ford Aerostar 1995[15]
0.39 Ford Escort 5 Door 1981–1984[16]
0.39 Honda Odyssey 1994–98
0.39[17] Toyota Tacoma (N300) 2016
0.39 Triumph Spitfire 1964
0.385 Nissan 280ZX 1978
0.38 Fiat Ritmo 1978
0.38 Ford Territory 2011
0.38 Lexus GX 2003
0.38 Lincoln Mark VII 1984–1992[18]
0.38 Mazda Miata 1989
0.38 Fiat 500 1957
0.38 Smart Roadster Coupé 2003
0.38 Subaru Forester 2009–2013[19]
0.38 VW NewBeetle[20]
without wing or spoiler 0.39[21]		 2003
0.374 Ford Capri Mk III 1978
0.372 Ferrari F50 1996
0.37 Ford Escort Mk.III (Europe) 1980
0.37 BMW Z3 M coupe 1999
0.37 Jaguar XJ (X300/X308) 1994–2003
0.37 Mercury Grand Marquis 1998–2002[22]
0.37 Mercury Grand Marquis 2003–2011[23]
0.37 Renault Twingo I
0.37 Volkswagen Tiguan 2008
0.37 Volkswagen Transporter T4 1990–2004[24]
0.36 Alfa Romeo 33 1983
0.36 Cadillac Escalade hybrid 2008
0.36 Cadillac Fleetwood 1996
0.36 Citroën CX (named after the term for Cd) 1974
0.36 Citroën DS 1955
0.36 Chrysler Sebring 1996
0.36 Ferrari Testarossa 1986
0.36 Ford Escort 1997–2002[24]
0.36 Ford Focus 3-door 2000–2004
0.36 Ford Mustang 1999
0.36 Honda Civic 2001–2005
0.36 Lincoln Town Car 1990–1997[25]
0.36 Mercury Cougar 1987–1988
0.36 Mercury Grand Marquis 1992–1997[10]
0.36 Mitsubishi Magna, V3000 sedan 1985–1991
0.36 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX 2006
0.36 Subaru Impreza WRX[26] 2010
0.36 Saturn SW 1996–2001[24]
0.36, 0.244 (1:5) Tatra 87 1936–1950[27]
0.36 Toyota Celica Convertible 1994–1999[28]
0.36 Volkswagen Jetta 1985–1992[29]
0.36 Tatra 77 & Tatra 77A 1934–1936[30]
0.357 Ram 1500 Quad Cab 4x2 2018[31]
0.355 NSU Ro 80 1967
0.355 Ford Focus RS 2016
0.35 Maserati Quattroporte V 2003
0.35 Aleko 2141 1986–2002
0.35 Aston Martin Vanquish 2004
0.35 BMW M3 Convertible 2005
0.35 BMW Z4 M coupe 2006
0.35 DeltaWing[32] (endurance racing car) 2012
0.35 Dodge Viper GTS 1996
0.35 Ford Thunderbird 1983–1988
0.35 Ford Windstar 1995–1998[33]
0.35 Ford Windstar 1999–2003[34]
0.35 Honda Del Sol 1992–1997[24]
0.35 Jaguar XKR 2005
0.35 Lexus GX 2010
0.35 Lexus RX 2003–2009
0.35 MINI Cooper 2008
0.35 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X 2008
0.35 Nissan Cube 2009
0.35 Renault Clio (Mk 2) 2002[35]
0.35 SSC Ultimate Aero 2007–2013
0.35 Tesla Roadster[36] 2008
0.35 Mitsubishi i-MiEV 2011
0.35 Smart ForTwo[37] 2008–
0.35 Toyota MR-2 1998
0.35 Toyota Previa 1991–1997[38][39]
0.35 Toyota Sequoia 2007
0.35 Volvo 940 (sedan) 1990
0.348 Toyota Celica Supra (Mk 2) 1982[40]
0.347 Hyundai Tiburon (RD1) 1997
0.342 Toyota Celica (Liftback Model) 1982
0.34 Alfa Romeo Giulia sedan 1968–1972
0.34 Aston Martin DB9 2004
0.34 Audi TT MK1 (8N) 1998–2005[41]
0.34 Chevrolet Caprice 1994
0.34 Chevrolet C6 Corvette Z06 2006–2013
0.34 Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid 2008
0.34 Ferrari 360 Modena 1999
0.34 Ferrari F40 1987
0.34 Ferrari F430 F1 2004
0.34 Fiat Uno 1984–1989
0.34 Ford Puma 1997
0.34 Ford Sierra 1982
0.34 Geo Metro (Hatchback) 1995–1997[24]
0.34 Volkswagen Gol G2 1994
0.34 Honda Prelude 1988
0.34 Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Down) 2001
0.34 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X 2014
0.34 Nissan Altima 1993–1997[42]
0.34 Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R 1999–2002[43]
0.34 Peugeot 106 1991
0.34 Saab 900 NG 2003[44]
0.34 Saab 9000 1984–1998[44]
0.34 Saturn SL2 1991–1995[45]
0.34 Subaru Impreza WRX (4 Door) 2009[46]
0.34 Subaru Legacy Wagon 1993–1999[47]
0.34 Toyota Corolla (Wagon) 1993–1997[48]
0.34 Toyota Supra (with factory 3 piece turbo wing) 1989–1990
0.339 Citroen SM 1970–1975[49]
0.338 Chevrolet Camaro 1995
0.335 Tesla Cybertruck 2024
0.334 Seat Leon FR 2005–2011
0.33 Acura Integra 1993–2001[50]
0.33 Acura RSX 2002–2006[51]
0.33 Alfa Romeo Giulia (saloon) 1962[52]
0.33 Audi A3 2006
0.33 BMW E30 M3 1986–1992
0.33 Chevrolet Caprice (sedan) 1991–1996
0.33[53] Chevrolet Impala 2006
0.33 Dodge Charger 2006
0.33 Ford Crown Victoria 1992
0.33 Ford Escort ZX2 1998–2003[54]
0.33 Ford Fusion 2010[55]
0.33 Holden Commodore (VT) sedan 1997
0.33 Honda Accord Sedan 2002
0.33 Honda Civic Hatchback 1988–1991[24]
0.33 Honda S2000 2000–2009[56]
0.33 to 0.37 Koenigsegg Agera R 2013
0.33 Lamborghini Murciélago 2001
0.33 Lexus RX 2010
0.33 Mazda RX-7 FC3C 1987
0.33 Nissan 200SX Coupe 1995–1998[57]
0.33 Peugeot 206 1998
0.33 Dodge Durango
(without roof-rack), ("HEAT" model, 0.325)		 2011–present
0.33 Peugeot 309 1986
0.33 Renault Modus 2004
0.33 Saab 9-3 SC 2003[44]
0.33 Saturn SL2 1999[58]
0.33 Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2004
0.33 Subaru Forester 2014–2018
0.33[59] Toyota Camry (Sedan) 1991
0.33 Toyota Corolla (E100) 1993–1997[24]
0.33 Toyota Supra (without wing) 1989–1990
0.329 Chevrolet Corsica 1989–2006[60]
0.325 Opel Astra J 2009
0.324 Cobalt SS Supercharged 2005
0.321 Toyota Matrix 2003–2008[61]
0.32 Mitsubishi RVR 2010[62]
0.32 Buick Riviera 1995
0.32 BMW M3 Coupe 2005
0.32[63] Daewoo Espero 1990
0.32 Dodge Avenger 1995
0.32 Ferrari California 2008
0.32 Chrysler 300C 2011–2014
0.32 Fiat Croma 1985–1996
0.32 Ford Taurus 1992–1995[64]
0.32 Geo Metro (Sedan) 1995–1997[24]
0.32 Seat Leon 2005–2011
0.32 Honda Accord (Coupe) 2002
0.32 Honda Ascot Innova (Sedan) 1992–1996
0.32 Honda Civic (Coupe) 1992–1995[24]
0.32 Honda Civic (Hatchback DX) 1996–2000[65]
0.32 Honda Civic (Sedan EX) 1996–2000[66]
0.32 Honda NSX 1990
0.32 Hyundai Veloster 2012
0.32 Jaguar XJ (X350) 2006
0.32 Koenigsegg CCX 2006
0.32 Mazdaspeed3 2007
0.32 McLaren F1 1992
0.32 Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.5-16/2.3-16 1983–1990
0.32 Nissan 240SX Coupe 1995–1998[67]
0.32 Nissan 300ZX 1989
0.32 Nissan Altima 1998–2001[68]
0.32 Nissan Maxima 1997
0.32 Oldsmobile Aurora 1995–1999
0.32 Porsche 997 GT2 2008–2013
0.32 Peugeot 406 1995
0.32 Peugeot 806 1994
0.32 Saab Sonett II 1966–1969[44]
0.32 Scion xB 2008
0.32 Suzuki Swift 1991
0.32 Tatra 600 1948–1952[69]
0.32 Toyota Celica 1994
0.32 Toyota Celica 2000–2005[70]
0.32 Toyota Supra (N/A with wing and turbo models) 1993
0.32 Toyota Supra (with factory turbo wing) 1987–1988
0.32 Toyota Tercel Sedan 1995–2000[71]
0.32[72] Toyota Corolla Hatchback (E210, US) 2019
0.32 Volkswagen Golf Mk3 1991
0.32 Volkswagen GTI Mk V 2006
0.32 Volvo V50 2004
0.315 Saturn SL1 1996–1999[73]
0.31 Alfa Romeo 156 1997–2007
0.31 Audi A4 B5 1995
0.31 Audi A5 2011–2016
0.31 Audi A3 2014
0.31 BMW 7 Series 2009
0.31 Buick Park Avenue 1996
0.31 Cadillac CTS 2004
0.31 Cadillac CTS-V 2005
0.31 Citroën AX 1986
0.31 Citroën GS 1970
0.31 Eagle Vision 1995
0.31 Ford Focus sedan 2000–2004
0.31 Fiat Coupé 1995[74]
0.31 Fiat Tipo 1988–1995
0.31 Ford Falcon 1995
0.31 Ford Thunderbird 1989–1997[75]
0.31 Holden Commodore 1998
0.31 Honda Civic (Hatchback) 1992–1995[24]
0.31 Honda Civic (Sedan) 2006
0.31 Infiniti G37 (Coupe) 2008–2015[76]
0.31 Kia Rio (Sedan) 2001[77]
0.31 Lamborghini Diablo 1990
0.31 Lexus LFA (wing retracted) 2010
0.31 Mazda MX-3 1990–1996
0.31 Mazda MX-6 1992–1997
0.31 Mazda RX-7 FC3S 1986
0.31 Mazda RX-7 FD R1(R2) 1993
0.31 Mazda RX-8 2004
0.31 Mazda2 (Hatchback) 2010–2014[78]
0.31 Mazda3 (Hatchback) 2010–2013
0.31 Nissan Tiida / Versa 2004
0.31 Opel Tigra 1994–2000
0.31 Pagani Huayra 2012[79]
0.31 Peugeot 307 2001
0.31 Peugeot 405 1987
0.31 Porsche 997 Turbo/GT3 2006
0.31 Renault 25 1984
0.31 Saab Sonett III 1970–1974[44]
0.31 Saab 9-3 Viggen 2003[44]
0.31 Saab 9-5 Wagon (2000–2010) 2003[44]
0.31 Saturn SC2 2001
0.31 Scion xA 2004
0.31 Toyota Avalon 1995–2000
0.31 Toyota Corolla (E110) 1998–2002[80]
0.31 Toyota Corolla (E210, UK) 2019[81]
0.31 Toyota Paseo 1995–1999[82]
0.31 Toyota RAV4 2006
0.31 Toyota Supra (N/A; without factory wing) 1993
0.31 Volkswagen GTI Mk IV 1997
0.31 Volkswagen Golf Mk6 2008–2012
0.31 Volvo S40 2nd generation 2003
0.308 Chevrolet Bolt 2016[83]
0.308 Škoda Octavia RS 2005
0.304 Ford Probe 1988–1992[84]
0.30 Lotus Elan+2[85] 1967–1974
0.30 Alfa Romeo 164 1988[86]
0.30 Audi 100 1983
0.30[87] BMW 5 Series (E34) 1988
0.30 BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 335i[88] 2012
0.30[63] Citroën XM 1989
0.30 Fiat Uno facelift 1989–2000
0.30 Ford Taurus 1996–1999[89][90]
0.30 Ford Focus Wagon 2000–2004
0.30 Ford Focus ST 2013–2018
0.30 Honda Accord Sedan 2003, 2005–2007
0.30 Honda CRX DX/Si[91] 1988
0.30 Honda NSX 2002
0.30 Hyundai Sonata 2006
0.30 Koenigsegg CCX 2006
0.30 Mitsubishi Eclipse 2000
0.30 Nissan 180SX 1989
0.30 Nissan 300ZX 1983
0.30 Nissan 350Z Coupe Base and Enthusiast models 2003–2008
0.30 Nissan 370Z Coupe
(0.29 with sport package)		 2009[92]
0.30 Peugeot 207[93] 2006–2014
0.30 Renault 19 16V 1991
0.30 Saab 92 1947[44]
0.30 Seat Leon 2012
0.30[59] Toyota Camry (Sedan) 1996
0.30 Toyota Corolla (E120) 2003–2008[94]
0.30 Toyota Corolla (E210, Europe, Hatchback) 2019[95]
0.30 Toyota Sienna 2003–2009
0.30 Volkswagen Bora mk4 1999–2005
0.30[a] Mercedes-Benz CLA 250[96] 2013–2018
0.299 Cadillac ATS 2012[97]
0.296[98] Chevrolet Impala (I4) 2013
0.295 Ford Focus Mk.III hatchback[99] (0.274 sedan) 2011
0.291[100] Toyota Avalon 2005
0.29 Subaru Alcyone/XT Coupe 1985–1989[101]
0.29 Alfa Romeo 155 1992[102]
0.29 Alfa Romeo MiTo 2011[103]
0.29[104] Audi A4 sedan 2007
0.29 BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 328i[88] 2012
0.29[105][b] BMW i3 2013
0.29[63] Chevrolet Corvette 2005
0.29[106] Chevrolet Cruze sedan 2016
0.29 Fiat Tipo 2015[107]
0.29 Ford Escape 2010[108]
0.29 Ford Focus C-Max 2003[109]
0.29 Honda Accord Coupe 2003, 2005–2007[110]
0.29[111] Honda Accord Hybrid 2005, 2007
0.29 Honda CRX HF[91] 1988
0.29 Kia Niro Hybrid/EV Compact SUV 2016[112]
0.29 Lancia Dedra 1990
0.29[113] Lexus LS 400 1990
0.29[114] Mazda3 (sedan) 2009
0.29 Mercedes-Benz C-Class Sportscoupe 2001
0.29 Nissan Leaf 2010[115]
0.29 Rover 75 1998[116]
0.29 Saab 9-5 (1998–2009) 2003[44]
0.29[117][118] Toyota Corolla L/LE sedan (E170), (E210) 2013 (E170), 2019 (E210)
0.29 Toyota Platz 2000–2005[119][120]
0.29[121] Toyota Prius 2001
0.29[122] Toyota Yaris (hatchback & sedan) 2006–2011
0.29[123] Volvo C70 1998
0.29[124] NIO ES8[125] 2017
0.29[126] Škoda Scala 2019–present
0.288[127] Chrysler Concorde 1998–2001
0.286[128] Perodua Bezza 2016
0.286[129] Chevrolet Corvette C6 (coupe) 2005–2013
0.285[106] Chevrolet Volt 2016
0.285[130] Dodge Dart (PF) 2012
0.285[131] Opel Astra K Hatchback 2015
0.284[132] Volkswagen Passat CC 2008–2017
0.281[133] Chevrolet Volt 2010–2015
0.28 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint Speciale 1959[134]
0.28[135] Audi A2 1.4 TDI 2000
0.28[63] Citroën C4 2004
0.28[136] Fiat Croma Nuova 2005–2011
0.28[137] Honda Civic Hybrid 2003–2005
0.28[138] Honda Insight 2009–2014
0.28[139] Hyundai Elantra 2011
0.28[140] Hyundai Sonata
(0.25 for the Hybrid)		 2011–2013
0.28[141][142] Lexus IS 2006–present
0.28[143][144] Opel Omega (sedan) 1986–1993
0.28 Saab 9-3 SS 2003[44]
0.28 Škoda Fabia IV 2021–present[145]
0.28[146] Rumpler Tropfenwagen 1921–1925
0.28[147][148] Toyota Camry XV40, XV50 2006–2018
0.28 Toyota Corolla (E210, Europe, Saloon) 2019[95]
0.28 Maserati Quattroporte VI 2013[149]
0.28[150] NIO ES6[151] 2018
0.275 Ford Fusion 2013[152]
0.274 Peugeot 207 Economique[93] 2009
0.273[153] Ford Focus Mk IV hatchback (0.25 sedan) 2018
0.27[154] BMW 5 Series (E39) 1996
0.27[c] BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 320d[88] 2012
0.27[155] Hyundai Elantra 2016
0.27[156] Hyundai Sonata 2019
0.27 Mazda6 (sedan and hatchback)[157] 2008
0.27[158] Mercedes-Benz S Class
(0.268 with Sport Package)		 1998–2005
0.27 Subaru BRZ and Toyota 86 2012[159]
0.27[160] Toyota Avalon (XX50) 2018
0.27[161][d] Toyota Prius (XW60) LE 2023
0.27[162] Volkswagen Jetta Mk7 2018
0.263[163] NIO ES7[164] 2022
0.26[c] BMW 3 Series (F30/F31) 320d EfficientDynamics[88] 2012
0.26 BMW 3 Series (E90) (0.26–0.30) 2009[165]
0.26 BMW i8 2015[166]
0.26[167] Infiniti Q70 Hybrid / Nissan Fuga Hybrid
(0.27 for ICE version)		 2015
0.26 Jaguar XE[168] 2014
0.26 Mazda3 (Sedan) 2012[169]
0.26[c] Mercedes-Benz C-Class Coupe[170] 2015–2018
0.26[171] Nissan Altima (6th gen.) 2018
0.26[172] Nissan Sylphy (B18) 2019
0.26 Opel Calibra 8-valve[173] 1989
0.26[c][174] Audi e-tron Sportback 2020
0.26[175] NIO EC6[176] 2020
0.25[177] BMW iX 2020
0.25 (Manufacturer claim. Independent test measured 0.26.)[178] Toyota Prius[179] 2009–2015
0.25 Honda Insight[180] 1999–2006
0.25 (w/ air suspension)
0.26 (non-air suspension)		 Lexus LS430[181] 2001–2006
0.250[182] Nio ES6[183] 2023
0.250[184] NIO ES8[185] 2023
0.249[186] Škoda Octavia MkIV liftback 2020
0.24 Tesla Model X[187] 2018
0.24[188] Hyundai Ioniq 2016–2022
0.24[189] Kia Optima Hybrid 2016
0.24[c] Mercedes-Benz S 350 BlueTec[190] 2013
0.24[c] Mercedes-Benz C 220 BlueTec BlueEfficiency Sedan[191] 2014–2016
0.24 Tesla Model S[192] 2012
0.24 Toyota Prius[193] 2016
0.24–0.30[c][194] BMW i4 eDrive40 2021
0.236 Xpeng P7[195] 2020
0.23[196][c] Audi A4 2.0 TDI ultra (110 kW) 2015
0.23[197][c] Alfa Romeo Giulia Advanced Efficiency 2016
0.23[198][c] BMW 320d (G20) 2018
0.23[199] Tesla Model 3 2017
0.230[200] NIO EC7[201] 2023
0.22[202][e] Porsche Taycan Turbo 2019
0.22[203][c] BMW 5 series (G30) 520d EfficientDynamics 2017
0.22[204][c] Mercedes-Benz CLA 180 BlueEfficiency Sedan 2013
0.215[205][206] Li Auto Mega 2023
0.212 (1:5 model test, 1:1 car = 0.36, see above)[207][208][209] Tatra T77A 1935[210][211][212][213]
0.208[214][215] NIO ET7[216] 2021
0.208[217] Tesla Model S[218] 2021
0.20[219][f] Mercedes-Benz EQS 2021
0.197[220][g] Lucid Air 2022
0.195[221] Xiaomi SU7 2024
0.19[222] General Motors EV1 1996
0.19[223] Volkswagen XL1 2013
0.175[224] Lightyear 0[225] 2022

Concept and experimental cars

Concept/experimental cars — drag coefficient (Cd)
Cd Automobile Calendar Year
0.29 FSM Beskid Polish hatchback prototype 1983
0.27 Avion[226] 1986
0.26 Alfa Romeo Disco Volante 1952
0.25 BMW Kamm-Coupé 1938[227]
0.25 Dymaxion Car 1933
0.25 SmILE (an experimental car) 1996
0.23 Volvo ECC 1992[228]
0.23 Pininfarina X (Morelli shape) 1960[229]
0.22 BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept 2009
0.22 Citroën ECO 2000 Concept 1981[230]
0.22 Aurel Persu Streamliner 1923[231]
0.20 Opel Eco-Speedster 2002[232]
0.20 Loremo Concept 2006
0.19 Alfa Romeo B.A.T. 7 Concept 1954[233]
0.19 Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept 1995
0.19 General Motors Ultralite 1992
0.19 Mercedes-Benz Bionic Concept[234] (based on the boxfish) 2005
0.170 Chrysler Ghia Dart 1955[235]
0.170 Mercedes-Benz Vision EQXX 2022 (Cd figure measured in the Daimler aero-acoustic wind tunnel at a wind speed of 140 km/h)[236]
0.168 Daihatsu UFE-III Concept 2005[237]
0.16 General Motors Precept Concept (5 seats)[238] 2000
0.16 Edison2 Very Light Car, Automotive X Prize winner[239] 2010
0.159 Volkswagen 1-litre car Concept 2002
0.157 Li-ion Motors Wave II, Automotive X Prize winner[240] 2010
0.15 Schlörwagen[241] 1939
0.15 Aptera 2 Series 2e Prototype 2011
0.15 Keris RV Nakoela Team (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype 2015
0.149–0.150 Urbee 2[242] 2013
0.147 JCB Dieselmax land speed record holder 2006
0.14 Fiat Turbina Concept[243] 1954
0.137 Ford Probe V Concept 1985
0.13 Aptera Sol Prototype 2021[244]
0.125 Sunraycer, solar race car 1987
0.12 Reflex 1000, solar cycle 1996[245]
0.12 Panhard CD LM64 1964
0.117 Summers Brothers Goldenrod Bonneville race car 1965
0.116 TUT Sunchaser 4[246] 2022
0.095 Sunswift 7[247] (Guinness World Record Holder,[248] World Solar Challenge Winner) 2022
0.08 Fortis Saxonia (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept 2007
0.072 Alérion Supermileage (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype 2013
0.07 Nuna, World Solar Challenge winner 2001–2007
0.0512 Ecorunner V (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype 2015[249]
0.048 Ecorunner VI (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype 2016
0.045 Ecorunner 8 (Shell Eco-marathon) Prototype 2018

Drag areas

The drag area (CdA) is the product of the drag coefficient (Cd) and the vehicle's frontal reference area. It provides a single value that directly determines the aerodynamic drag force at a given speed, making it a more complete basis for comparison than Cd alone. In 2003, Car and Driver magazine adopted this metric as a more intuitive way to compare the aerodynamic efficiency of various automobiles. Average full-size passenger cars have a drag area of roughly 8 sq ft (0.74 m2). Reported drag areas range from the 1999 Honda Insight at 5.1 sq ft (0.47 m2) to the 2003 Hummer H2 at 26.5 sq ft (2.46 m2). The drag area of a bicycle (and rider) is also in the range of 6.5–7.5 sq ft (0.60–0.70 m2).[250]

Production cars

Automobile examples of CdA[251]
CdA sqft CdA m2 Automobile model
5.2 sq ft 0.48 m2 2019 Mercedes-Benz A 180 d (V177)[252][c]
5.3 sq ft 0.49 m2 2013 Mercedes-Benz CLA 180 BlueEfficiency[253][c]
5.4 sq ft 0.50 m2 1989 Opel Calibra (8 valve)
5.5 sq ft 0.51 m2 2015 Audi A4 2.0 TDI ultra (110 kW)[196][c]
5.52 sq ft 0.513 m2 2019 Porsche Taycan Turbo[202]
5.6 sq ft 0.52 m2 2017 BMW 520d EfficientDynamics[254][c]
5.6 sq ft 0.52 m2 1993 Mazda RX-7 FD (base model)[255]
5.70 sq ft 0.530 m2 1985 Subaru Alcyone/XT/Vortex
5.71 sq ft 0.530 m2 1990 Honda CR-X Si
5.74 sq ft 0.533 m2 2002 Acura NSX
5.76 sq ft 0.535 m2 1968 Toyota 2000GT
5.80 sq ft 0.539 m2 1986 Toyota MR2
5.81 sq ft 0.540 m2 1989 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX
5.86 sq ft 0.544 m2 2001 Audi A2 1.2 TDI 3L
5.88 sq ft 0.546 m2 1990 Nissan 240SX / 200SX / 180SX
5.90 sq ft 0.548 m2 1992 Mazda Xedos 6[256]
5.90 sq ft 0.548 m2 2015 BMW i8[166]
5.92 sq ft 0.550 m2 1994 Porsche 911 Speedster
5.95 sq ft 0.553 m2 1990 Mazda RX7
5.96 sq ft 0.554 m2 1993 Mazda RX-7 FD R1(R2)[255]
6.0 sq ft 0.56 m2 2001 Honda Insight[178]
6.00 sq ft 0.557 m2 1992 Subaru SVX
6.00 sq ft 0.557 m2 1970 Lamborghini Miura
6.05 sq ft 0.562 m2 2012 Tesla Model S P85[178]
6.08 sq ft 0.565 m2 2008 Nissan GTR
6.08 sq ft 0.565 m2 1989 Geo Metro[24]
6.13 sq ft 0.569 m2 1991 Acura NSX
6.17 sq ft 0.573 m2 1995 Lamborghini Diablo
6.19 sq ft 0.575 m2 1981 Citroën GSA X3[49]
6.20 sq ft 0.576 m2 2014 Toyota Prius[178]
6.24 sq ft 0.580 m2 2004 Toyota Prius
6.27 sq ft 0.583 m2 1986 Porsche 911 Carrera
6.27 sq ft 0.583 m2 1992 Chevrolet Corvette
6.35 sq ft 0.590 m2 1999 Lotus Elise
6.37 sq ft 0.592 m2 2000 Vauxhall VX220 N/A
6.40 sq ft 0.595 m2 1990 Lotus Esprit
6.41 sq ft 0.596 m2 2003 Smart Roadster Coupé
6.54 sq ft 0.608 m2 1991 Saturn Sports Coupe
6.57 sq ft 0.610 m2 1985 Chevrolet Corvette
6.63 sq ft 0.616 m2 2001 Audi A2
6.66 sq ft 0.619 m2 1996 Citroën Saxo
6.70 sq ft 0.622 m2 2014 Chevrolet Volt[178]
6.77 sq ft 0.629 m2 1995 BMW M3
6.79 sq ft 0.631 m2 1993 Toyota Corolla DX
6.80 sq ft 0.632 m2 2007 BMW 335i Coupe
6.81 sq ft 0.633 m2 1991 Subaru Legacy
6.89 sq ft 0.640 m2[257] 2019 Renault Clio V
6.90 sq ft 0.641 m2 1993 Saturn Wagon
6.93 sq ft 0.644 m2 1982 DMC DeLorean
6.94 sq ft 0.645 m2 2003 Smart Roadster
6.96 sq ft 0.647 m2 1988 Porsche 944 S
7.00 sq ft 0.650 m2 2013 Mercedes-Benz CLA250[178]
7.02 sq ft 0.652 m2 1992 BMW 325I
7.04 sq ft 0.654 m2 1991 Honda Civic EX
7.06 sq ft 0.656 m2 2004 Vauxhall VX220 Turbo
7.10 sq ft 0.660 m2 1995 Saab 900
7.11 sq ft 0.661 m2 1991 Ford Thunderbird LX
7.13 sq ft 0.662 m2 1970 Citroën SM[49]
7.14 sq ft 0.663 m2 1995 Subaru Legacy L
7.20 sq ft 0.669 m2 1995 Nissan Maxima GLE
7.34 sq ft 0.682 m2 2001 Honda Civic
7.39 sq ft 0.687 m2 1994 Honda Accord EX
7.4 sq ft 0.69 m2 2018 BMW X1 sDrive18i[258][c]
7.48 sq ft 0.695 m2 1993 Chevrolet Camaro Z28
7.57 sq ft 0.703 m2 1992 Toyota Camry
7.63 sq ft 0.709 m2 1974 Citroën CX[49]
7.69 sq ft 0.714 m2 1994 Chrysler LHS
7.72 sq ft 0.717 m2 1993 Subaru Impreza
7.80 sq ft 0.725 m2 2012 Nissan Leaf SL[178]
8.02 sq ft 0.745 m2 2005 Bugatti Veyron
8.1 sq ft 0.75 m2 2016 Renault Zoe[259]
8.70 sq ft 0.808 m2 1990 Volvo 740 Turbo
8.70 sq ft 0.808 m2 1992 Ford Crown Victoria
8.71 sq ft 0.809 m2 1991 Buick LeSabre Limited
8.79 sq ft 0.817 m2 1956 Citroën DS Spécial[49]
9.54 sq ft 0.886 m2 1992 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon
9.6 sq ft 0.89 m2 2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser
9.95 sq ft 0.924 m2 2016 Chrysler Pacifica[260]
10.7 sq ft 0.99 m2 1992 Chevrolet Blazer
11.6 sq ft 1.08 m2 2005 Ford Escape Hybrid
11.7 sq ft 1.09 m2 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee
12.2 sq ft 1.13 m2 1949 Nash Airflyte
13.0 sq ft 1.21 m2 2019 Ram 1500[261]
13.1 sq ft 1.22 m2 2021 Jeep Wagoneer (WS)[262]
16.8 sq ft 1.56 m2 2006 Hummer H3
17 sq ft 1.6 m2 2013 Mercedes-Benz G-Class[263]
17.4 sq ft 1.62 m2 1995 Land Rover Discovery
26.5 sq ft 2.46 m2 2003 Hummer H2

Limited production cars

Limited production cars — drag area (CdA)
CdA sqft CdA m2 Automobile model
3.00 sq ft 0.279 m2 2011 Volkswagen XL1
3.95 sq ft 0.367 m2 1996 GM EV1

Concept and experimental cars

Concept/experimental cars — drag area (CdA)
CdA sqft CdA m2 Automobile model
0.21 sq ft 0.020 m2 Pac-car II[264]
2.04 sq ft 0.190 m2 2011 Aptera 2 Series[265]
2.10 sq ft 0.195 m2 2013 Urbee 2[266]
2.50 sq ft 0.232 m2 1986 Twike[267]
2.54 sq ft 0.236 m2 2002 Opel Eco-Speedster[268]
2.69 sq ft 0.250 m2 2009 Loremo
2.78 sq ft 0.258 m2 2010 Edison2 Very Light Car[269]
3.27 sq ft 0.304 m2 1987 Renault VESTA II[270]
4.72 sq ft 0.439 m2 2014 Volkswagen XL Sport[271]
5.00 sq ft 0.465 m2 2005 Mercedes-Benz Bionic[272]

Notes

  1. ^ North American market
  2. ^ 0.30 with range extender
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q European market
  4. ^ w/ 17-inch wheels
  5. ^ in Range mode in combination with a low level and closed air intake flaps
  6. ^ w/ 19-inch AMG wheel/tire combination in "Sport" driving mode
  7. ^ w/ 19-inch wheel/tire combination

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See also

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