List of Western Bloc defectors

This is an incomplete list of Western Bloc intelligence agents, military personnel, scientists, politicians, diplomats and other prominent people, who defected to the Eastern Bloc or non-aligned countries during the Cold War and after.

Defections before 1991

Defector Profession/Prominence Country of origin Year of defection Country of defection
Erwin Borchers French Foreign Legion Germany/France 1945 Viet Minh[1]
Ernst Frey Austria/France Viet Minh[2]
Siegfried Wenzel Germany/France Viet Minh[3]
Kostas Sarantidis Greece/France 1946 Viet Minh[4]
Stefan Kubiak Poland/France Viet Minh[5]
Park Si-hyeong Historian South Korea (U.S. Occupation Zone) North Korea (Soviet Occupation Zone)[6]
Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler BBC journalist West Germany (British Occupation Zone) 1947 East Germany (Soviet Occupation Zone)[7]
Emil Selhofer French Foreign Legion Switzerland/France Viet Minh[8]
George Shaw Wheeler Foreign Economic Administration economist United States Czechoslovakia
Annabelle Bucar United States State Department 1948 Soviet Union[9]
Hong Myong-hui Writer South Korea North Korea[10]
Kang Tae-mu Republic of Korea Army North Korea[11]
Kim Sun-nam Composer North Korea[12]
George Koval Atomic spy United States Soviet Union
James McMillin United States Army cryptographer
Pyo Mu-won Republic of Korea Army South Korea North Korea[11]
Albert Clavier French Army France 1949 Viet Minh
Robert Dagleish Foreign Office United Kingdom Soviet Union[13]
Gerhart Eisler Journalist United States East Germany
Noel Field United States State Department Czechoslovakia
Archibald Johnstone Journalist United Kingdom Soviet Union[13]
James Stuart British Army East Germany[14]
Miroslav Surý French Foreign Legion Czechoslovakia/France Viet Minh[15]
František Vaňhara
David Young Royal Navy United Kingdom China[16]
Leopold Infeld University of Toronto physicist Canada 1950 Poland
Ian Milner United Nations diplomat Australia Czechoslovakia[17]
Ján Poláček French Foreign Legion Czechoslovakia/France Viet Minh[15]
Bruno Pontecorvo Atomic physicist Italy/United Kingdom Soviet Union (via Finland)
John Peet Reuters correspondent United Kingdom East Germany
Nâzım Hikmet Ran Poet Turkey Soviet Union
Ri Sung-gi Seoul National University chemistry professor South Korea North Korea
Arna Rides British Council medical adviser United Kingdom Czechoslovakia[18]
Josef Zvoník French Foreign Legion Czechoslovakia/France Viet Minh[15]
Guy Burgess Foreign Office/MI5 United Kingdom 1951 Soviet Union
Donald Maclean Foreign Office
Alfred Sarant Military engineer/Atomic spy United States Poland, then the Soviet Union
Joel Barr Czechoslovakia, then the Soviet Union
Margaret Schlauch New York University English professor Poland[19]
Weng Wenhao Geologist and Kuomintang politician Taiwan China[20]
Heiner Braun Track athlete (5,000 metres) West Germany 1952 East Germany[21]
Stefan Heym United States Army/Writer United States Czechoslovakia, then East Germany
Günther Gereke Christian Democratic Union politician West Germany East Germany[22]
Victor Grossman United States Army United States East Germany[23]
Kug Yong-am Republic of Korea Army South Korea North Korea[24]
Charles Lucas United States Army United States East Germany[25][26]
Aubrey E. Miles East Germany[27]
Wolfgang Gans zu Putlitz MI5 United Kingdom East Germany[28]
Miloud Salhi French Army France Viet Minh[29]
Clarence Adams United States Army United States 1953 China[30]
Howard Gayle Adams
Albert Constant Belhomme
Otto Grayson Bell
Arthur Boyd East Germany[31]
Andrew Condron Royal Marines United Kingdom China[32]
Richard G. Corden United States Army United States China[30]
William Cowart
W. Glancy British Army United Kingdom East Germany[33]
Rufus Douglas United States Army United States China[30]
John Roedel Dunn
Andrew Fortuna
Hans Joachim Geyer Gehlen Organization West Germany East Germany[34]
Lewis Griggs United States Army United States China[30]
Samuel David Hawkins China
Wolfgang Höher Gehlen Organization West Germany East Germany[35]
R. Irvine British Army United Kingdom East Germany[33]
Kim Sung-bai Republic of Korea Air Force South Korea North Korea[36]
S. Lewes British Army United Kingdom East Germany[33]
Norman M. Lowell United States Army United States East Germany[37]
R.W. Luwman Royal Netherlands Army Netherlands East Germany[38]
Clifford F. Murphy United States Army United States East Germany[39]
Arlie Pate China[30]
Scott Rush
Lowell Skinner
Larance Sullivan
Richard Tenneson
James Veneris
Harold Webb
R. Wanroy Royal Netherlands Army Netherlands East Germany[38]
William White United States Army United States China[30]
Morris Wills
Aaron Wilson
Stanislaw Zdanowski Poland[40]
William Donal Adkins 1954 Soviet Union[41]
Choi Man-chong Republic of Korea Air Force South Korea North Korea[42]
Joseph Cort Doctor of Medicine and University of Birmingham physiology lecturer United States Czechoslovakia[43]
James Davis United States Army Czechoslovakia[44]
Bruno Folta Radio announcer West Germany Czechoslovakia[45]
Raymond H. Hutto United States Army United States East Germany[46]
Otto John Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz West Germany East Germany
Karl Franz Schmidt-Wittmack Bundestag deputy and Christian Democratic Union politician East Germany[47]
Richard Squires British Army United Kingdom Soviet Union[48]
William Turner United States Army United States Soviet Union[49]
Ralph Bernard Frederick Cross Canadian Army Canada 1955 East Germany[50]
James W. Pulley United States Army United States East Germany[46]
Manfred von Brauchitsch Racing driver West Germany East Germany
Ho Wei-Chin Republic of China Air Force Taiwan China[51]
B.F. Holland United States Army United States East Germany[52]
Horst Spanier East Germany[53]
Wei Li-Huang Republic of China Army Taiwan China[54]
Hung Chin-Shan Republic of China Military Police China[55]
Henri Maillot French Army France 1956 Algerian National Liberation Front
Wolf-Dieter Loebl Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[56]
Orest Stephen Makar Photogrammetrist and Saint Louis University engineering associate professor United States Soviet Union[57]
Anthony Wraight Royal Air Force United Kingdom Soviet Union[58]
Augustin Cabrera Oroza Spanish Navy Spain 1957 Mexico[59]
Manuel Fernandez Rodriguez
Ginas Jiminez Nortes
Enrique Medina Fernandez
Jürgen Mickeleit Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[60]
Victor Rodriguez Spanish Navy Spain Mexico[59]
Alfred Kaufman Stern Philanthropist United States Czechoslovakia
Martha Dodd Stern
Ernie Fletcher United States Army 1959 East Germany[61]
Klaus Fuchs Atomic spy United Kingdom Exchanged to East Germany
Ho Ye-Chen Republic of China Army Taiwan China[62]
Arnold Kephart United States Army United States East Germany[63]
Billy Mullis East Germany[64]
Lee Harvey Oswald United States Marine Corps Soviet Union via Finland, rejected from Cuba
Libero Ricciardelli United States Air Force Soviet Union[65]
Franz Julius Schröder Christian Democratic Union aide West Germany East Germany[66]
Arthur Wegner University of Münster law professor East Germany[67]
John B. Witt United States Army United States Czechoslovakia[68]
Franz Böttger Bundeswehr West Germany 1960 East Germany[69]
Guy Bouchard Canadian Army Canada East Germany[70]
Horst Braun Bundesluftwaffe West Germany East Germany[69]
Bruce Davis United States Army United States Soviet Union[49]
Joseph Dutkanicz (Dutkanich[71]) United States Army Military Intelligence Soviet Union
Richard Gromek Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[72]
Gilbert Paul Jenkerson British Army United Kingdom East Germany[73]
Bernon F. Mitchell National Security Agency United States Soviet Union[74]
William H. Martin
Peter Petrich Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[72]
Serafin Sanchez United States Air Force United States Cuba[75]
Paul Schlüter Social Democratic Party of Germany politician West Germany East Germany[76]
Vladimir Sloboda United States Army Military Intelligence United States Soviet Union[77]
John Strobl Canadian Army Canada East Germany[78]
Horst Tuschla Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[69]
Otto Weissenberger Cartographer East Germany[79]
Walter Barth Bundeswehr 1961 East Germany[80]
Walter Hagemann Christian Democratic Union politician and University of Münster journalism professor East Germany[81]
K.H. Falk Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz East Germany[82]
Fernando Ganhao Portuguese Army Portugal Mozambique Liberation Front[83]
Ollie Harrington Cartoonist United States East Germany
Junge family University of Washington scientists Czechoslovakia[84]
Winfried Krychowski Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[80]
Mohamed Lamari French Army France Algerian National Liberation Front
Wolfgang Objeglo Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[80]
Mário Moutinho de Pádua Portuguese Army Portugal Congo-Léopoldville[85]
Larry Allen Abshier United States Army United States 1962 North Korea
Wilfried Alsguth Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[86]
Herbert Böhmer
Heinz-Dieter Brehning
James Joseph Dresnok United States Army United States North Korea
Günther Fischer Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[86]
Heinrich Frank
R.S. Hareld United States Army United States Czechoslovakia[87]
Guntram Hoffmann Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[86]
Rudolf Abel Atomic spy United States Exchanged to the Soviet Union
Bobby Joe Keesee United States Army Cuba[88]
Henry Kiernan East Germany[89]
Albert Kostede Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[86]
Richard Lang
David Michael Engineer United States Cuba[90]
Erwin Miran Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[86]
Nguyen Van Cu Republic of Vietnam Air Force South Vietnam Cambodia[91]
Klaus Reichardt Bundesluftwaffe West Germany East Germany[86]
Willi Salzmann Bundeswehr
Peter-Joseph Schödder
Manfred Schüssler
Horst Pilger
Peter Pitzen
Bodo Ratzinger
Dieter Schmutzler
Otto Schwarz
Ronald Stanley British Army United Kingdom East Germany[92]
Jürgen Steinigtweg Bundesmarine Marineflieger West Germany East Germany[86]
Robert Stuckhaus Bundeswehr
Wolfgang Vogt Bundesluftwaffe
Berthold Wizien Bundeswehr
Thomas Badey United States Army United States 1963 East Germany[93]
Frank Barton East Germany[94]
Richard Bourret Physicist Cuba[95]
Benjamin Cain United States Army East Germany[96]
Klaus Chepelier Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[97]
Victor Norris Hamilton National Security Agency United States Soviet Union
Reymond Herzet Belgian Army Belgium East Germany[98]
Gary Martzke United States Army United States East Germany[99]
Roberto "Robert" Ramos Michelena United States Air Force Cuba[100]
James Carl Moore United States Army East Germany[101]
Heinrich James Newton East Germany[102]
Jerry Wayne Parrish North Korea
Brian Patchett British Army United Kingdom East Germany[103]
Christopher John Pengate East Germany[104]
Kim Philby MI6 Soviet Union
Alfred Svenson United States Army United States East Germany[105]
Willard E. Valentini East Germany[106]
Jacinto Veloso Portuguese Air Force Portugal Mozambique Liberation Front[107]
Chan Chueh Olympic Games official Taiwan 1964 China[108]
Cheng Yi-Ming Intelligence Bureau China[109]
Li Fung-ryong Republic of Korea Army South Korea North Korea[110]
Theo van Eijck Marine-Luchtvaartdienst Netherlands Libya[111]
Anatoly P. Kotloby Rocket scientist United States Soviet Union[112]
Ma Ching-Shan Olympic sharpshooter Taiwan China[113]
Claude Swain United States Army United States East Germany[114]
Zhao Zongli Republic of China Navy Taiwan China[115]
Bui Van Trach Republic of Vietnam Air Force South Vietnam 1965 Cambodia[116]
Chan Chen-Chin Republic of China Army Taiwan China[117]
Chen Li Intelligence Bureau China[118]
Alfred Frenzel Social Democratic Party of Germany politician West Germany Exchanged to Czechoslovakia
Hua Tsu-Hsin Diplomat Taiwan China[119]
Charles Robert Jenkins United States Army United States North Korea
Glen Roy Rohrer United States Army Military Intelligence Czechoslovakia
Ana Maria Silva Pais Daughter of PIDE Director Fernando Silva Portugal Cuba[120]
Li Zongren Former Kuomintang politician, vice president and acting president of China United States China[121]
Nguyen Chi Canh Huế police chief South Vietnam North Vietnam[122]
Stephen Biggs British Army United Kingdom East Germany[123]
Harold M. Koch Roman Catholic priest United States 1966 Soviet Union[124]
John Discoe Smith United States State Department Soviet Union[125][126]
Nguyen Duch Hien Republic of Vietnam Air Force South Vietnam Cambodia[127]
Craig Anderson United States Navy United States 1967 Sweden[128]
Richard Bailey Sweden[128] via Japan[129]
John Barilla Sweden[128]
George Blake MI6 United Kingdom Soviet Union
Lorenzo Brown United States military United States c. 1967 Sweden
Costa Calfelis Journalist Greece 1967 Switzerland[130]
Des Carragher United States military United States c. 1967 Sweden
Jerry Condon
Jerry Dass Green Beret SFOD B, S-5 Sweden[131][132]
Jimmy Dotson United States military Sweden
John Forler
Kenneth C. Griggs United States Army 1967 Cuba[133]
Bob Janson United States military c. 1967 Sweden
Roy Ray Jones United States Army 1967 Sweden[134]
Walter Harshall United States military c. 1967 Sweden
Tom Hayes Sweden, later managed Clergy & Layman Concerned
Roger Hinchliffe Sweden
Dick Kilmer
Steve Kinneman United States Army 1967 Sweden[135] via Thailand, and Laos[129]
Michael Lindner United States Navy Sweden[128]
William Males United States Army c. 1967 Sweden[129]
McKinley Nolan 1967 North Vietnam[136]
Henry Nordby United States military c. 1967 Sweden
Rich Pauley
Richard Harwood Pearce United States Army 1967 Cuba[137]
Irving Rubin c. 1967 Sweden[129]
Arnold Schölzel Bundeswehr West Germany 1967 East Germany
David Smith United States Army United States Sweden[129]
Joe Stewart United States military c. 1967 Sweden
Tseng Chao-Ping Republic of China Air Force Taiwan 1967 China[138]
Herbert Washington United States Army United States c. 1967 Sweden[129]
Ted Weisberg United States military Sweden
Terry Whitmore
Robert Argento United States Army 1968 Sweden[139]
Edwin Arnett Sweden[140]
John Ashley Sweden[139]
Samuel Brown Sweden[141]
Gerald Burger
Robert Burroughs Sweden[139]
Robert Carroll Sweden[141]
Kenneth Cooper
Erwin Foster Sweden[139]
David Haire Sweden[142]
Rodney Huth United States Marine Corps Sweden[141]
Edward Johnson United States Army Sweden[142]
William Jones Sweden[139]
Bruce Mayor Draft evader Sweden[129]
Richard Lee McKinney United States Marine Corps Sweden[143]
Peter Moebius Physicist West Germany East Germany[144]
Justin Olson United States Army United States Sweden[139]
Herbert Patzelt European Atomic Energy Community aide West Germany East Germany[144]
William Percell United States Army United States Sweden[142]
Ehrenfried Petras Microbiologist West Germany East Germany[145]
Bruce Proctor Former Defense Intelligence Agency analyst United States Sweden[146]
Richard Lee Propp United States Army Sweden[139]
David Roman Sweden[141]
Raymond Sansiviero United States Marine Corps Sweden[147]
Parker Smith United States Army Sweden[139]
Vincent Strollo Sweden[141]
Richard Tannimura
Gregory Vitarelle
Mark Warrell
Eugene Westbrooks
J.W. Wright United States Air Force Soviet Union[148]
William Lee Brent Black Panther Party activist 1969 Cuba
Irvin Leon Butler United States Navy Sweden[149]
Lona Cohen Atomic spy Exchanged to the Soviet Union
Morris Cohen
Jerry Bhagwan Dass United States Army Sweden[150]
Robert Edward Dostlik United States Marine Corps Cuba[151]
Heinz Felfe Bundesnachrichtendienst West Germany Exchanged to East Germany
Olaf Foertsch Bundeswehr East Germany[152]
Ludwig Gummert East Germany[153]
Thomas Kavanaugh United States Army United States East Germany[154]
Hans-Joachim Kruse Bundeswehr West Germany East Germany[155]
Robert Kündiger Bundesmarine East Germany[156]
John Lowney United States Marine Corps United States North Vietnam[157]
Vassilios Tsironis Doctor of Medicine Greece Albania[158]
Jim Walch United States Army United States Sweden[129]
Zhou Zhende Republic of China Army Taiwan China[159]
Kimihuro Uomoto Japanese Red Army Japan 1970 North Korea
Kimiko Fukudome
Kintaro Yoshida
Moriaki Wakabayashi
Shirō Akagi
Takahiro Konishi
Takamaro Tamiya
Takeshi Okamoto
Yasuhiro Shibata
Alvin Glatkowski United States Merchant Marine United States Attempted defection to Cambodia
Clyde McKay
Marc Carbonneau Front de libération du Québec Canada Cuba
Jacques Cossette-Trudel
Yves Langlois
Larry Humphrey United States Army United States Cambodia[160]
Mihalis Maniadakis Royal Hellenic Air Force Greece Soviet Union[161]
Chang Shuang-Chao Ministry of Finance aide Taiwan 1971 China[162]
Sun Chi-Chou Diplomat China[163]
Michael Deberry United States Army United States Sweden[129]
Tom Horne Green Beret c. 1971 Sweden[164]
Ernest Hunter United States Air Force Sweden[165]
Hans-Dieter Reinkensmeier German Army Aviation Corps West Germany 1971 East Germany[166]
Harold Hill Rolls-Royce Limited engineer United Kingdom Soviet Union[167]
Esteban Llana United States Air Force United States Panama[168]
Jaime Morais Portuguese Army Portugal Sweden[169]
Bernard Pryer United States Army United States Panama[168]
John R. Vequist Sweden[170]
Tobey Wagner Panama[168]
Kevin Cadwallader British Army United Kingdom 1972 Sweden[171]
Ngo Cong Duc Journalist South Vietnam Sweden[172]
Pham Van Dinh Army of the Republic of Vietnam North Vietnam[167]
Sung Wei-Pi Former diplomat Taiwan 1973 People's Republic of China[173]
Gerard Burns British Army United Kingdom 1974 Ireland[174]
Nguyen Thanh Trung Republic of Vietnam Air Force South Vietnam 1975 North Vietnam[175]
Jürgen Schneider Bundeswehr West Germany 1976 East Germany[176]
Bong Ju Republic of Korea Army South Korea 1977 North Korea[177]
William Joseph Black United States Army United States Czechoslovakia[178]
Yu Un-hak Republic of Korea Army South Korea North Korea[177]
Robert Thompson United States Air Force United States 1978 Exchanged to the Soviet Union
Erhard Mueller Bundesmarine aviation wing West Germany East Germany[179]
Li Jun-gwang Republic of Korea Army military intelligence South Korea North Korea[180]
Roy Chung United States Army United States 1979 East Germany, then to North Korea
Ursel Lorenzen NATO aide West Germany East Germany[181]
Christel Broszey Christian Democratic Union aide East Germany[182]
Inge Goliath
Helga Roediger Federal Ministry of Finance East Germany[183]
Alexander Lambert Bureau of State Security South Africa Sweden[184]
Justin Lin Republic of China Army Taiwan China
Friedrich Tomberg Pädagogische Hochschule philosophy professor West Germany East Germany[185]
Kim Ryong-jin Republic of Korea Army South Korea North Korea[186]
Imelda Verrept NATO aide Belgium 1980 East Germany[187]
Günter Guillaume Aide to the West German Chancellor West Germany 1981 Exchanged to East Germany
Frank Terpil Central Intelligence Agency United States Libya, then to Cuba[188]
Huang Zhicheng Republic of China Air Force Taiwan China[189]
Ma Bi Kuomintang adviser China[190]
Robert Vesco Financier United States 1982 Cuba
Joseph T. White United States Army North Korea
Gerhard G. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz West Germany East Germany[191]
Gerald Andreas Eckert South African Army South Africa 1983 Mozambique[192]
Li Dawei Republic of China Air Force Taiwan China[193]
Mun Sang-chol Republic of Korea Army South Korea North Korea[194]
Alessio Casimirri Red Brigades Italy Nicaragua
Nam Mccurdy Writer United States
Assata Shakur Black Panther Party activist United States 1984 Cuba
Xie Yuchen Film director Taiwan 1984 China[196]
Zhang Jinfeng Film producer
Hans Tiedge Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz West Germany 1985 East Germany
Jeffrey Carney United States Air Force United States
Ra Il-ryong Republic of Korea Army South Korea North Korea[197]
Edward Lee Howard Central Intelligence Agency United States Soviet Union
Sonja Luenberg Aide to the Federal Minister of the Economy Martin Bangemann West Germany East Germany[198]
Herta-Astrid Willner Aide to the West German Chancellor East Germany[199]
Herbert Willner Defence analyst
Rudolf Alken University of Mainz researcher East Germany[200]
Karl Koecher Central Intelligence Agency United States 1986 Exchanged to Czechoslovakia
Hugo Almeida United States Army Cuba
Glenn Michael Souther United States Navy Soviet Union[201]
Arnold Lockshin Biochemist Soviet Union
Wang Xijue Airline pilot Taiwan China[202]
Wade E. Roberts United States Army United States 1987 Soviet Union[203][204][205]
Stig Bergling Swedish Security Service Sweden Soviet Union via Finland[206]
Theodore Branch Radio announcer United States Soviet Union[207]
Choe Deok-sin Former South Korean diplomat and foreign minister North Korea
Song Chang-gu United States Army aide South Korea 1988 North Korea[208]
Lin Xianshun Republic of China Air Force Taiwan 1989 China[209]
Michael Peri United States Army United States East Germany

Defections after 1991

Defector Profession/Prominence Country of origin Year of defection Country of defection
Maurizio Gelli Businessman[210][211][212][213] Italy 2009 Nicaragua
Edward Snowden National Security Agency contractor United States 2013 Russia
Choe In-guk South Korean citizen South Korea 2019 North Korea
Evan Neumann January 6 capitol rioter United States 2022 Belarus
Emil Czeczko Polish Land Forces Poland 2021 Belarus[214]
Travis King United States Army United States 2023 North Korea[215][216]
Tara Reade Former Congressional aide Russia[217]
John David McIntyre United States Army veteran Russia[218]
Wilmer Puello-Mota Former Holyoke, Massachusetts city councillor and former Massachusetts Air National Guard airman 2024 Russia[219][220][221][222]
Tomasz Szmydt Judge Poland Belarus[223]
Jay Fraser Brewer United Kingdom Russia[224]
Aiden Minnis British citizen Russia[225]
Ross McElvenny Russia[226]

See also

References

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