List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index

This is a list of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index as of 2025. The data are regularly published every year by Statistics Indonesia.[1] Below also contains list of cities and regencies that has classification of very high HDI as of 2025, as well as historical data of HDI of Indonesian provinces.

Methodology

The figures come from the Indonesia Human Development Report,[2] published by Statistics Indonesia and Human Development Index (by UN Method) of Indonesian provinces since 1990 (2021 revision).[3]

By Statistics Indonesia in 2025

Source published by Statistics Indonesia.[1]

Rank Province HDI Component
2025 [1] Change from 2024[4] 2025 Score Change from 2024 Life Expectancy
Years[5]
 		Years of Schooling Expenditure
(thousand rupiah)
Mean[6] Expected[7]
Very high human development
1 Jakarta 0.8505 0.009 75.99 11.49 13.51 19,953
2 Special Region of Yogyakarta 0.8248 0.009 75.36 9.92 15.70 15,361
3 Riau Islands 0.8053 0.006 75.12 10.50 13.27 15,573
High human development
4 East Kalimantan 0.7939 0.006 74.94 10.02 14.03 13,793
5 Bali 0.7937 0.007 75.10 9.54 13.62 14,920
6 West Sumatra 0.7727 0.008 74.37 9.44 14.30 11,718
7 Banten 0.7725 0.009 74.97 9.23 13.10 13,097
8 North Sumatra 0.7647 0.007 74.08 9.84 12.97 11,460
9 North Sulawesi 0.7632 0.006 73.85 9.60 12.78 11,998
10 Riau 0.7631 0.006 74.41 9.43 13.42 11,857
11 Aceh 0.7623 0.009 73.20 9.64 14.39 10,811
12 East Java 0.7613 0.008 75.07 8.28 13.43 12,852
13 South Kalimantan 0.7610 0.009 74.18 8.62 12.87 13,399
14 South Sulawesi 0.7592 0.007 73.83 8.86 13.55 12,275
- - Indonesia (Statistics Indonesia) 0.7590 0.009 74.15 8.85 13.21 12,341
15 West Java 0.7590 0.010 75.16 8.87 12.80 12,157
16 Bengkulu 0.7568 0.007 73.31 9.04 13.75 11,733
17 Bangka Belitung Islands 0.7526 0.007 74.12 8.33 12.49 13,677
18 Jambi 0.7513 0.008 74.06 8.90 13.14 11,621
19 Central Kalimantan 0.7486 0.006 73.73 8.81 12.77 12,303
20 Central Java 0.7477 0.009 74.91 8.02 12.86 12,276
21 South Sumatra 0.7476 0.009 74.26 8.57 12.64 12,015
22 Papua 0.7469 0.009 70.47 9.82 13.72 11,037
23 Southeast Sulawesi 0.7425 0.006 71.88 9.42 13.71 10,606
24 1 Maluku 0.7409 0.007 70.68 10.26 14.09 9,684
25 1 North Kalimantan 0.7404 0.006 73.57 9.35 13.21 10,197
26 Lampung 0.7398 0.009 74.39 8.36 12.78 11,258
27 West Nusa Tenggara 0.7397 0.009 72.25 7.87 13.98 11,606
28 Central Sulawesi 0.7282 0.006 70.84 9.04 13.34 10,536
29 Gorontalo 0.7262 0.006 70.73 8.29 13.17 11,539
30 North Maluku 0.7252 0.007 71.05 9.37 13.75 9,320
31 West Kalimantan 0.7209 0.009 73.94 7.78 12.68 10,321
32 West Sulawesi 0.7116 0.007 71.03 8.15 12.89 10,208
33 Southwest Papua 0.7055 0.009 70.02 8.39 13.88 8,733
Medium human development
34 East Nusa Tenggara 0.6989 0.008 71.83 8.02 13.23 8,534
35 South Papua 0.6954 0.007 68.46 8.38 12.67 9,765
36 West Papua 0.6848 0.008 68.47 7.86 13.17 8,805
37 Central Papua 0.6064 0.004 68.18 6.12 9.63 7,809
Low human development
38 Highland Papua 0.5491 0.005 67.69 4.21 9.97 5,707

Cities and regencies

List of cities of Indonesia with very high HDI (2024)

Rank City HDI Component Province
2024[8] Change from 2023 2024 Score Change from 2023 Life Expectancy
Years[5] 		Years of Schooling Expenditure
(thousand rupiah)
Mean[6] Expected[7]
Very high human development
1 Banda Aceh 0.8955 0.023 75.02 13.13 17.85 17,521 Aceh
2 Yogyakarta 0.8953 0.007 75.52 12.02 17.47 19,920 Special Region of Yogyakarta
3 South Jakarta 0.8851 0.015 76.02 12.07 13.79 24,975 Jakarta
4 Kendari 0.8636 0.008 75.34 12.91 16.93 15,116 Southeast Sulawesi
5 Salatiga 0.8623 0.004 77.93 11.47 15.42 16,650 Central Java
6 1 Semarang 0.8580 0.005 77.90 11.53 15.74 16,420 Central Java
7 2 Makassar 0.8566 0.016 75.15 11.76 15.55 17,889 South Sulawesi
8 2 Surabaya 0.8565 0.007 75.82 11.04 15.10 18,977 East Java
9 1 Denpasar 0.8563 0.003 75.59 11.90 14.18 20,128 Bali
10 2 Malang 0.8555 0.014 75.32 11.29 15.94 17,222 East Java
11 East Jakarta 0.8551 0.008 75.37 12.23 13.77 18,712 Jakarta
12 2 West Jakarta 0.8518 0.014 75.81 11.51 13.24 21,709 Jakarta
13 Madiun 0.8512 0.016 75.40 12.08 14.37 17,115 East Java
14 1 Padang 0.8493 0.009 74.94 11.69 16.34 15,089 West Sumatra
15 1 Surakarta 0.8492 0.004 77.63 11.44 14.84 15,870 Central Java
16 1 Pekanbaru 0.8491 0.006 75.55 11.95 15.59 14,983 Riau
17 6 South Tangerang 0.8481 0.019 75.64 12.11 14.49 16,225 Banten
18 1 Bandung 0.8466 0.005 75.53 11.31 14.22 18,202 West Java
19 14 Bengkulu 0.8459 0.021 74.43 12.11 16.02 14,924 Bengkulu
20 7 Palu 0.8453 0.016 73.71 12.09 16.04 15,501 Central Sulawesi
21 1 Central Jakarta 0.8445 0.005 76.07 11.81 13.50 18,202 Jakarta
22 Bekasi 0.8443 0.008 75.86 12.06 14.32 16,479 West Java
23 1 Depok 0.8404 0.010 75.53 11.82 13.94 16,279 West Java
24 Batam 0.8380 0.009 74.98 11.36 13.21 18,990 Riau Islands
25 1 Medan 0.8374 0.009 74.76 11.79 14.63 15,674 North Sumatra
26 1 Samarinda 0.8353 0.006 75.27 11.10 15.01 15,610 East Kalimantan
27 5 Ambon 0.8337 0.012 72.86 12.24 15.63 14,692 Maluku
28 19 Palembang 0.8327 0.024 75.37 11.06 14.48 14,042 South Sumatra
29 5 Balikpapan 0.8323 0.009 75.34 11.37 14.23 16,195 East Kalimantan
30 12 North Jakarta 0.8312 0.017 75.07 11.30 12.95 19,617 Jakarta
31 Bukittinggi 0.8305 0.004 75.33 11.45 14.50 13,859 West Sumatra
32 Bontang 0.8304 0.005 74.81 11.12 13.25 17,659 East Kalimantan
33 2 Palangka Raya 0.8220 0.005 74.23 11.68 15.11 14,727 Central Kalimantan
34 2 Magelang 0.8215 0.010 77.22 11.42 14.59 13,175 Central Java
35 Ternate 0.8212 0.008 72.55 12.33 15.64 14,042 North Maluku
36 Jayapura 0.8167 0.005 71.76 11.91 15.49 15,272 Papua
37 1 Pontianak 0.8157 0.005 75.07 10.70 15.29 15,632 West Kalimantan
38 3 Kediri 0.8135 0.009 75.74 11.15 15.27 13,276 East Java
39 1 Blitar 0.8127 0.006 74.97 10.98 14.47 14,548 East Java
40 Pematang Siantar 0.8117 0.007 74.75 11.62 14.96 12,984 North Sumatra
41 2 Kupang 0.8108 0.005 74.66 12.03 16.42 13,762 East Nusa Tenggara
42 1 Jambi 0.8104 0.009 74.65 11.51 15.17 12,783 Jambi
43 4 Mojokerto 0.8092 0.009 75.80 11.43 14.31 14,422 East Java
44 2 Tanjung Pinang 0.8063 0.004 74.68 10.68 14.05 16,213 Riau Islands
45 1 Manado 0.8063 0.005 75.02 11.64 14.11 14,822 North Sulawesi
46 3 Payakumbuh 0.8061 0.006 74.77 10.60 14.20 13,978 West Sumatra
47 1 Mataram 0.8060 0.005 74.65 10.58 15.71 15,894 West Nusa Tenggara
48 4 Banjarbaru 0.8051 0.004 74.90 11.42 15.71 14,524 South Kalimantan
49 Pangkal Pinang 0.8040 0.005 75.01 10.60 13.24 16,734 Bangka Belitung Islands
50 3 Padang Panjang 0.8014 0.009 - - - - West Sumatra
51 Cimahi 0.8008 0.006 - - - - West Java
52 Tangerang 0.8002 0.006 75.30 11.23 13.87 15,377 Banten
53 3 Solok 0.8000 0.004 - - - - West Sumatra

List of regencies of Indonesia with very high HDI (2024)

Rank Regency HDI Component Province
2024[8] Change from 2023 2024 Score Change from 2023 Life Expectancy
Years[5] 		Years of Schooling Expenditure
(thousand rupiah)
Mean[6] Expected[7]
Very high human development
1 Sleman Regency 0.8561 0.008 75.26 11.01 16.77 16,976 Special Region of Yogyakarta
2 Badung Regency 0.8387 0.008 75.73 10.90 14.22 17,915 Bali
3 Sidoarjo Regency 0.8231 0.008 75.36 10.78 14.97 15,311 East Java
4 Bantul Regency 0.8174 0.004 74.64 9.79 15.61 16,524 Special Region of Yogyakarta


By UNDP reports

Rank Province Population
2020 Census 		HDI Sub Indicator 2021 HDI Total 2021
(Health) (Education) (Income) Total
1 Jakarta 10,562,088 0.753 0.752 0.772 0.759
2 Special Region of Yogyakarta 3,668,719 0.768 0.769 0.730 0.756
3 Bali 4,317,404 0.739 0.694 0.759 0.730
4 West Sumatra 5,534,472 0.750 0.727 0.708 0.728
5 East Kalimantan[a] 4,467,853 0.745 0.696 0.737 0.726
6 Riau[b] 8,458,651 0.737 0.691 0.721 0.716
7 Bengkulu 2,010,670 0.752 0.685 0.711 0.716
8 North Sulawesi 2,621,923 0.704 0.729 0.714 0.716
9 North Sumatra 14,799,361 0.728 0.702 0.703 0.711
10 Aceh 5,274,871 0.729 0.709 0.691 0.709
11 West Java 48,274,160 0.739 0.656 0.729 0.707
12 Banten 11,904,562 0.715 0.662 0.740 0.705
- Indonesia 270,200,000 0.732 0.667 0.716 0.705
13 Central Java 36,516,035 0.756 0.644 0.716 0.704
14 East Java 40,665,696 0.734 0.653 0.724 0.703
15 South Sulawesi[c] 10,492,738 0.730 0.667 0.701 0.699
16 Jambi 3,548,228 0.722 0.657 0.718 0.698
17 South Sumatra 8,600,765 0.732 0.654 0.707 0.697
18 Southeast Sulawesi 2,624,875 0.700 0.698 0.691 0.696
19 Lampung 9,007,848 0.732 0.645 0.709 0.694
20 Bangka Belitung Islands 1,517,590 0.688 0.645 0.743 0.691
21 West Nusa Tenggara 5,320,092 0.734 0.653 0.685 0.690
22 Maluku[d] 3,131,860 0.677 0.728 0.667 0.690
23 South Kalimantan 4,073,584 0.713 0.657 0.699 0.689
24 Central Sulawesi 2,985,734 0.704 0.677 0.675 0.685
25 Central Kalimantan 2,669,969 0.724 0.646 0.678 0.682
26 West Kalimantan 5,414,390 0.754 0.609 0.680 0.679
27 Gorontalo 1,171,681 0.669 0.642 0.679 0.663
28 East Nusa Tenggara 5,325,566 0.706 0.636 0.608 0.649
29 Papua[e] 5,437,775 0.635 0.671 0.638 0.648
Province HDI 2010 HDI 2011 HDI 2012 HDI 2013 HDI 2014 HDI 2015 HDI 2016 HDI 2017 HDI 2018 HDI 2019 HDI 2020 HDI 2021 HDI 2022 HDI 2023 HDI 2024
Sumatra Region
Aceh 0.6709 0.6745 0.6781 0.6830 0.6881 0.6945 0.7000 0.7060 0.7119 0.7190 0.7199 0.7218 0.7280 0.7340 0.7403
North Sumatra 0.6709 0.6734 0.6774 0.6836 0.6887 0.6951 0.7000 0.7057 0.7118 0.7174 0.7177 0.7200 0.7271 0.7337 0.7402
West Sumatra 0.6725 0.6781 0.6836 0.6891 0.6936 0.6998 0.7073 0.7124 0.7173 0.7239 0.7238 0.7265 0.7326 0.7375 0.7449
Riau 0.6865 0.6890 0.6915 0.6991 0.7033 0.7084 0.7120 0.7179 0.7244 0.7300 0.7271 0.7294 0.7352 0.7404 0.7479
Riau Islands 0.7113 0.7161 0.7236 0.7302 0.7340 0.7375 0.7399 0.7445 0.7484 0.7548 0.7559 0.7579 0.7646 0.7711 0.7797
Jambi 0.6539 0.6614 0.6694 0.6776 0.6824 0.6889 0.6962 0.6999 0.7065 0.7126 0.7129 0.7163 0.7214 0.7277 0.7343
Bengkulu 0.6535 0.6596 0.6661 0.6750 0.6806 0.6859 0.6933 0.6995 0.7064 0.7121 0.7140 0.7164 0.7216 0.7278 0.7339
South Sumatra 0.6444 0.6512 0.6579 0.6616 0.6675 0.6746 0.6824 0.6886 0.6939 0.7002 0.7001 0.7024 0.7090 0.7162 0.7230
Bangka Belitung Islands 0.6602 0.6659 0.6721 0.6792 0.6827 0.6905 0.6955 0.6999 0.7067 0.7130 0.7147 0.7169 0.7224 0.7285 0.7333
Lampung 0.6371 0.6420 0.6487 0.6573 0.6642 0.6695 0.6765 0.6825 0.6902 0.6957 0.6969 0.6990 0.7045 0.7115 0.7181
Java Region
Banten 0.6754 0.6822 0.6892 0.6947 0.6989 0.7027 0.7096 0.7142 0.7195 0.7244 0.7245 0.7272 0.7332 0.7387 0.7448
Jakarta 0.7631 0.7698 0.7753 0.7808 0.7839 0.7899 0.7960 0.8006 0.8047 0.8076 0.8077 0.8111 0.8165 0.8246 0.8308
West Java 0.6615 0.6667 0.6732 0.6825 0.6880 0.6950 0.7005 0.7069 0.7130 0.7203 0.7209 0.7245 0.7312 0.7374 0.7443
Central Java 0.6608 0.6664 0.6721 0.6802 0.6878 0.6949 0.6998 0.7052 0.7112 0.7173 0.7187 0.7216 0.7279 0.7339 0.7388
Special Region of Yogyakarta 0.7537 0.7593 0.7615 0.7644 0.7681 0.7759 0.7838 0.7889 0.7953 0.7999 0.7997 0.8022 0.8064 0.8107 0.8155
East Java 0.6536 0.6606 0.6674 0.6755 0.6814 0.6895 0.6974 0.7027 0.7077 0.7150 0.7171 0.7214 0.7275 0.7338 0.7409
Lesser Sunda Islands Region
Bali 0.7010 0.7087 0.7162 0.7209 0.7248 0.7327 0.7365 0.7430 0.7477 0.7538 0.7550 0.7569 0.7644 0.7710 0.7776
West Nusa Tenggara 0.6116 0.6214 0.6298 0.6376 0.6431 0.6519 0.6581 0.6658 0.6730 0.6814 0.6825 0.6865 0.6946 0.7020 0.7093
East Nusa Tenggara 0.5921 0.6024 0.6081 0.6168 0.6226 0.6267 0.6313 0.6373 0.6439 0.6523 0.6519 0.6528 0.6590 0.6668 0.6739
Kalimantan Region
West Kalimantan 0.6197 0.6235 0.6341 0.6430 0.6489 0.6559 0.6588 0.6626 0.6698 0.6765 0.6766 0.6790 0.6863 0.6941 0.7013
Central Kalimantan 0.6596 0.6638 0.6666 0.6741 0.6777 0.6853 0.6913 0.6979 0.7042 0.7091 0.7105 0.7125 0.7163 0.7220 0.7273
South Kalimantan 0.6520 0.6589 0.6668 0.6717 0.6763 0.6838 0.6905 0.6965 0.7017 0.7072 0.7091 0.7128 0.7184 0.7250 0.7303
East Kalimantan 0.7131 0.7202 0.7262 0.7321 0.7382 0.7417 0.7459 0.7512 0.7583 0.7661 0.7624 0.7688 0.7744 0.7820 0.7883
North Kalimantan Part of East Kalimantan 0.6799 0.6864 0.6876 0.6920 0.6984 0.7056 0.7115 0.7063 0.7119 0.7183 0.7249 0.7302
Sulawesi Region
West Sulawesi 0.5974 0.6063 0.6101 0.6153 0.6224 0.6296 0.6360 0.6430 0.6510 0.6573 0.6611 0.6636 0.6692 0.6755 0.6820
South Sulawesi 0.6600 0.6665 0.6726 0.6792 0.6849 0.6915 0.6976 0.7034 0.7090 0.7166 0.7193 0.7224 0.7282 0.7346 0.7405
Southeast Sulawesi 0.6599 0.6652 0.6707 0.6755 0.6807 0.6875 0.6931 0.6986 0.7061 0.7120 0.7145 0.7166 0.7223 0.7279 0.7348
Central Sulawesi 0.6329 0.6427 0.6500 0.6579 0.6643 0.6676 0.6747 0.6811 0.6888 0.6950 0.6955 0.6979 0.7028 0.7095 0.7156
Gorontalo 0.6265 0.6348 0.6416 0.6470 0.6517 0.6586 0.6629 0.6701 0.6771 0.6849 0.6868 0.6900 0.6981 0.7045 0.7123
North Sulawesi 0.6783 0.6831 0.6904 0.6949 0.6996 0.7039 0.7105 0.7166 0.7220 0.7299 0.7293 0.7330 0.7381 0.7436 0.7503
Maluku Islands and Papua Region
North Maluku 0.6279 0.6319 0.6393 0.6478 0.6518 0.6591 0.6663 0.6720 0.6776 0.6870 0.6849 0.6876 0.6947 0.7021 0.7103
Maluku 0.6427 0.6475 0.6543 0.6609 0.6674 0.6705 0.6760 0.6819 0.6887 0.6945 0.6949 0.6971 0.7022 0.7094 0.7157
West Papua 0.5960 0.5990 0.6030 0.6091 0.6128 0.6173 0.6221 0.6299 0.6374 0.6470 0.6509 0.6526 0.6589 0.6616 0.6702
Southwest Papua Part of West Papua 0.6759 0.6805 0.6863
Papua 0.5445 0.5501 0.5555 0.5625 0.5675 0.5725 0.5805 0.5909 0.6006 0.6084 0.6044 0.6062 0.7176 0.7241 0.7300
South Papua Part of Papua 0.6574 0.6727 0.6790
Central Papua Part of Papua 0.5825 0.5893 0.5975
Highland Papua Part of Papua 0.5170 0.5245 0.5342
Overall
Indonesia 0.6653 0.6709 0.6770 0.6831 0.6890 0.6955 0.7018 0.7081 0.7139 0.7192 0.7194 0.7229 0.7291 0.7355 0.7420
Province HDI 1990 HDI 1995 HDI 2000 HDI 2005 HDI 2010 HDI 2015 HDI 2020
Sumatra Region
Aceh 0.519 0.557 0.607 0.642 0.674 0.700 0.716
North Sumatra 0.558 0.598 0.638 0.655 0.677 0.702 0.718
West Sumatra 0.531 0.569 0.623 0.645 0.681 0.720 0.735
Riau[f] 0.527 0.564 0.617 0.659 0.697 0.715 0.724
Jambi 0.512 0.549 0.600 0.635 0.662 0.689 0.705
Bengkulu 0.502 0.537 0.589 0.625 0.667 0.705 0.723
South Sumatra 0.533 0.571 0.608 0.624 0.660 0.691 0.704
Bangka Belitung Islands 0.557 0.596 0.625 0.640 0.675 0.691 0.698
Lampung 0.509 0.544 0.577 0.604 0.648 0.684 0.701
Java Region
Banten 0.559 0.599 0.631 0.634 0.666 0.699 0.712
Jakarta 0.633 0.678 0.722 0.734 0.747 0.757 0.766
West Java 0.509 0.545 0.593 0.632 0.672 0.700 0.714
Central Java 0.524 0.558 0.592 0.620 0.658 0.692 0.711
Special Region of Yogyakarta 0.598 0.637 0.675 0.699 0.724 0.747 0.763
East Java 0.521 0.555 0.598 0.622 0.657 0.693 0.710
Lesser Sunda Islands Region
Bali 0.558 0.595 0.657 0.686 0.699 0.724 0.738
West Nusa Tenggara 0.446 0.471 0.505 0.561 0.619 0.667 0.697
East Nusa Tenggara 0.481 0.516 0.540 0.558 0.606 0.640 0.655
Kalimantan Region
West Kalimantan 0.513 0.547 0.579 0.598 0.638 0.670 0.685
Central Kalimantan 0.507 0.545 0.597 0.636 0.657 0.674 0.689
South Kalimantan 0.526 0.563 0.594 0.615 0.655 0.682 0.696
East Kalimantan[g] 0.572 0.613 0.660 0.684 0.709 0.724 0.733
Sulawesi Region
South Sulawesi[h] 0.512 0.547 0.596 0.623 0.656 0.691 0.706
Central Sulawesi 0.489 0.526 0.579 0.612 0.629 0.667 0.692
Southeast Sulawesi 0.510 0.547 0.575 0.606 0.656 0.686 0.703
Gorontalo 0.482 0.520 0.550 0.575 0.612 0.647 0.670
North Sulawesi 0.537 0.577 0.639 0.673 0.692 0.712 0.723
Maluku Islands and Papua Region
Maluku[i] 0.547 0.587 0.621 0.626 0.650 0.681 0.697
Papua[j] 0.521 0.559 0.589 0.591 0.586 0.622 0.655
Overall
Indonesia 0.524 0.560 0.603 0.631 0.665 0.696 0.712

Notes

  1. ^ Includes North Kalimantan[3]
  2. ^ Includes Riau Islands[3]
  3. ^ Includes West Sulawesi[3]
  4. ^ Includes North Maluku[3]
  5. ^ Includes West Papua (province)[3]
  6. ^ Includes Riau Islands[3]
  7. ^ Includes North Kalimantan[3]
  8. ^ Includes West Sulawesi[3]
  9. ^ Includes North Maluku[3]
  10. ^ Includes West Papua (province)[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2025" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2025. Retrieved 5 November 2025.
  2. ^ "[New Method] Human Development Index by Province 2018-2020" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Sub-national Human Development Index of Indonesian Provinces, 1990-2019 (New Method)". Institute for Management Research – Radboud University. June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  4. ^ "[Metode Baru] Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2025. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  5. ^ a b c "[Metode Baru] Umur Harapan Hidup Saat Lahir (UHH) Hasil Long Form SP2020 (Tahun), 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2025. Retrieved 5 November 2025.
  6. ^ a b c "Rata-rata Lama Sekolah (RLS) menurut Jenis Kelamin (Tahun), 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2025. Retrieved 5 November 2025.
  7. ^ a b c "Angka Harapan Lama Sekolah (HLS) menurut Jenis Kelamin (Tahun), 2024-2025" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2025. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  8. ^ a b "[Metode Baru] Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, 2022-2024" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
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