Liao Zhongkai

In this Chinese name, the family name is Liao.
Liao Zhongkai
廖仲愷
Liao, sometime before 1920
Member of the Executive Committee of the Kuomintang
In office
1925–1925
PremierSun Yat-sen
Minister of Finance of the Kuomintang
In office
1921–1925
Personal details
BornApril 23, 1877
Alameda, California, U.S.
DiedAugust 20, 1925(1925-08-20) (aged 48)
Canton, Guangdong, China
PartyKuomintang
SpouseHe Xiangning
ChildrenLiao Mengxing, Liao Chengzhi
ParentLiao Zhubin
EducationQueen's College, Waseda University, Tokyo University
ProfessionRevolutionary, financier, businessman, politician, statesman
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese廖仲愷
Simplified Chinese廖仲恺
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLiào Zhòngkǎi
Wade–GilesLiao4 Chung4-kʻai3
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationLiuh Juhng-hói
JyutpingLiu6 Zung6-hoi2

Liao Zhongkai (April 23, 1877 – August 20, 1925) was a Chinese-American Kuomintang leader and financier. Liao was the principal architect of the first Kuomintang–Chinese Communist Party (KMT–CCP) United Front in the 1920s. He was assassinated in Canton in August 1925.[1]

Early life

Liao was born in 1877 in Alameda, California and received his early education in the United States. He was one of nineteen children. His father Liao Zhubin, who had five wives, was sent to San Francisco by the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank.

Returning to Hong Kong in 1893, at the age of sixteen he studied at Queen's College from 1896. He married He Xiangning in 1897. He then went to Japan in January 1903 to study political science at Waseda University. In 1907 he went to Chuo University to study political and economic science.

In politics

Liao joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance in 1905 upon its founding and became the director of the financial bureau of Guangdong after the founding of the Republic of China.

In the early struggles of the party, Liao Zhongkai was arrested by Guangdong strongman Chen Jiongming in June 1922. After Chen's defeat Liao became Civil governor of Guangdong from May 1923 to February 1924, and then again from June to September 1924.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution, Sun Yat-sen began a correspondence with the Bolsheviks that grew into the First United Front between his movement, the CCP, and the Soviet Union.[2] Liao Zhongkai strongly supported this move.[3] Soviet advisors began arriving in Guangzhou and helped Sun organize a mass political party. Liao became one of the members of the provisional executive committee of the new Kuomintang (KMT), which met from October 1923 to early 1924.[4][5] In February 1924, Liao was appointed to head the new Ministry of Labor, which was tasked with bringing the labor movement into the national revolution. He attempted to organize a "Guangzhou Workers' Delegates Conference" the following month, but was met with little interest from unions. It would take a year of hard organizing to build positive relations with the unions and infiltrate party members and sympathizers into the union leadership.[6]

In May 1924, he became political commissar of the newly established Whampoa Military Academy. There, he was in charge of the political training of the future officers of the National Revolutionary Army.[7] When Sun Yat-sen died in March, 1925, and Liao was one of the three most powerful figures in the Kuomintang Executive Committee, the other two were Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin. When Hu Hanmin's proposal for a National Government Council was accepted by the KMT's Central Executive Committee, Liao was chosen to be Minister of Finance on July 24.[8][9] During this time he was considered to be a leader of the KMT's left-wing and strongly supported the First United Front.[10] He was principled in his support of Sun's ideology of Minsheng in the Three Principles of the People.[11]

Beginning with a dispute between Chinese students at Holy Trinity College and the school's administration, a wave of opposition to Christian schools spread through China in 1924. In August, Liao Zhongkai confounded the Anti-Christian Federation with Wu Zhihui. He would go on to oversee many of the anti-Christian demonstrations that spread through central China.[12]

Death

Liao continued his belief in Sun's policy after Sun died, including one of the key policies of maintaining close relations with the Soviet Union as well as the Chinese Communist Party, which was strongly opposed by the KMT right wing. Liao was assassinated before a Kuomintang Executive Committee meeting on August 20, 1925, in Guangzhou, when five gunmen riddled him with bullets from Mauser C96s as he stepped out of his limousine. Suspicion for the act fell upon Hu Hanmin, who was then arrested. This left only Wang Jingwei and the rising Chiang Kai-shek as rivals for control of the Kuomintang.

Liao and He Xiangning had a daughter, Liao Mengxing, and a son, Liao Chengzhi. The latter had four sons, Liao Hui being the eldest. Anna Chennault is his niece.

References

  1. ^ Kurt Werner Radtke; Chengzhi Liao (1990). China's Relations With Japan 1945-83: The Role of Liao Chengzhi. Manchester University Press. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-7190-2795-6. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  2. ^ Bastid-Bruguière 2002, p. 18.
  3. ^ Barrett 1982, p. 38.
  4. ^ Bastid-Bruguière 2002, pp. 18–19.
  5. ^ Barrett 1982, p. 40.
  6. ^ Murdock 2006, pp. 55–57.
  7. ^ Zhao 1996, p. 43.
  8. ^ Zhao 1996, pp. 89–90.
  9. ^ Murdock 2006, p. 136.
  10. ^ Zhao 1996, p. 91.
  11. ^ Mingxuan, Sheng (2011). Biography of Liao Zhongkai. United Press. p. 73-74.
  12. ^ Murdock 2006, pp. 116, 119.

Bibliography

  • Itoh, Mayumi (August 2012). Pioneers of Sino-Japanese Relations: Liao and Takasaki. Palgrave-MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-137-02734-4.
  • Zhao, Suisheng (1996). Power by Design: Constitution-Making in Nationalist China. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 0-8248-1721-4.
  • Bastid-Bruguière, Marianne (2002). "Patterns of propaganda organization in the National-revolutionary Movement in China in the 1920s". In Leutner, Mechthild; Felber, Ronald; Titarenko, Mikhail L.; Grigoriev, Alexander M. (eds.). The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster. London ; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1690-4.
  • Barrett, David P. (1982). "The Role of Hu Hanmin in the "First United Front": 1922-27". The China Quarterly. 89.
  • Murdock, Michael G. (2006). Disarming the Allies of Imperialism: Agitation, Manipulation, and the State during China's Nationalist Revolution, 1922-1929. Ithaca, N.Y: East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 1885445318.
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