Leon Herzog

Leon Herzog (1919 – January 2013), born לײַסאַר הערציק (Yiddish) or Lajsar Hercyk (Polish), was a Polish-born Brazilian Jewish industrialist, Holocaust survivor, and pioneer of Brazil's early motorcycle industry. After surviving Nazi persecution during the Second World War, he emigrated to Brazil, where he founded the Leonette brand of light motorcycles and mopeds, noted for their use of licensed Central European engines. Herzog and his wife, Yvonne Herzog, were also connected to the Feldman family of Rio de Janeiro through their daughter, the musician and musicologist Myrna Herzog, and later donated the Feldman Collection of hanukiot (plural of Hanukkah menorah) to the Jewish Museum of Rio de Janeiro.

Herzog was born in 1919 in Poland to a Jewish family. In his youth, he was a member of the Hashomer Hatzair Labor Zionist, secular Jewish youth movement. During the Holocaust, he was persecuted under Nazi rule and survived imprisonment before the end of the war. His oral testimony, recorded for the USC Shoah Foundation and cited in academic studies of Holocaust memory in Brazil, documents his experiences of antisemitic persecution, wartime deportation, and eventual liberation. He used the fake name of Jan Grabowsky, and volunteered to work in Germany, where Nazis would be less likely to look for Jews during the war.^[1][2][3][4]

• Leon Herzog with his parents Rachel e Jacob Hercyk
• Leon Herzog 6 years old
• Leon HaShomer Hatzair 1937, over the shoulder of the monitor with the white shirt
• Leon Herzog and brother Saul Herzog c.1938
• Leon Herzog work permit (front) given by the nazis
• Leon Herzog work permit (back) given by the nazis
• Leon Herzog pass UNRRA 1946
• Leon Herzog on UNRRA uniform, 1946
• Leon Herzog in Paris, 1945 or 1946
• Leon visa to go to South America

After the war, Herzog emigrated to Brazil, joining the growing postwar community of Jewish survivors and immigrants. He settled in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where he had family, and where he became involved in small-scale industry and mechanical fabrication. Herzog joined relatives already established in Brazil, including his elder brother Bernardo (Berl), who had emigrated in the early 1920s. This family connection provided him with a foothold in Rio de Janeiro’s Jewish immigrant community. In 1948 he received his drivers' license.^[5] His familiarity with European motorcycles and mopeds, combined with Brazil's emerging demand for inexpensive personal transport, positioned him to become one of the early local manufacturers in the sector.^[6][7]

• Leon Herzog on ship to Brazil, 1946
• Leon Herzog immigration card in Rio de Janeiro, 1946
• Leon Herzog standing by Bernardo Herzog, his older brother, at B.Herzog S/A in Rio de Janeiro
• Herzog family at the Galeão airport with a Gulliver motorbike

Drawing on his prewar experience in his brother Saul’s bicycle factory in Poland, Herzog began working in small mechanical workshops in Rio de Janeiro. He repaired and fabricated parts, gradually moving into motorcycle assembly. By the late 1940s he was experimenting with prototypes that would lead to the Leonette brand.^[6]

In the 1950s and 1960s, Herzog founded the Brazilian brand Leonette, which produced light motorcycles and mopeds aimed at the domestic market. The company operated before the arrival of Japanese manufacturers in Brazil and is often cited as part of the country's pioneering generation of two-wheeler producers.^[6][7] According to *O Globo*, Leonette motorcycles filled a gap in the Brazilian market at a time when imported models were scarce and expensive, offering locally produced alternatives that became popular among young riders.^[6] Leonette models typically combined Brazilian-made frames with imported or licensed engines from Central Europe. Motorcycle historians note that Herzog's factory built machines using engines related to the Czech–Slovak Pionier/Stadion lineage, adapting them to Brazilian conditions and regulatory requirements.^[8][9][10]

Leonette vehicles were designed as simple, robust machines intended for urban and small-town use. Period advertisements and later retrospectives portray them as affordable vehicles for workers and young riders at a time when private motorization in Brazil was still limited.^[7]

Surviving examples of Leonette motorcycles are preserved by collectors and specialized museums, including the Moto Museum Hostalek in the Czech Republic.^[11]

• First Leonette, 1960
• Leon Herzog on Gulliver motorbike
• Leonette 1969 ad featuring Myrna Herzog as model
• Leon Herzog and Leonette
• Leon Herzog and Leonette 2

After the end of Leonette motorcycle production, Herzog founded the company L. Herzog S.A. Indústria e Comércio, applying his experience in mechanical fabrication to the emerging Brazilian market for steel cutting and bending (corte e dobra). Academic studies of the sector identify Herzog as one of the early innovators who recognized the logistical and economic advantages of centralized steel processing for construction firms.^[12]

The company later became associated with the brand Armafer, which expanded the model of industrialized steel preparation and contributed to the modernization of construction logistics in Brazil. Herzog's shift from motorcycle manufacturing to steel processing is cited in both family testimony and industrial histories as an example of postwar immigrant entrepreneurship adapting to new economic opportunities in Brazil.^[13]

By the mid-1990s, both L. Herzog Indústria e Comércio Ltda. and its associated brand Armafer Serviços de Construção Ltda. were formally listed as affiliated companies of Companhia Siderúrgica da Guanabara (COSIGUA), part of the Gerdau Group. Financial disclosures published in 1995 show that COSIGUA held equity stakes and reported operational transactions with both firms, confirming their integration into Brazil’s steel and construction supply chain.^[14]

The growth of the Gerdau Group in the 1990s was partly driven by its acquisition of L. Herzog Indústria e Comércio Ltda. alongside Companhia Siderúrgica da Guanabara (COSIGUA), confirming the strategic importance of Herzog’s firm within Brazil’s steel sector.^[15]

Herzog was married to Yvonne Herzog (née Schaack). She was the daughter of the Luxembourgish-born zither player and arranger Nikolaus Schaack, who later emigrated to Brazil.^[16][17] The couple had one daughter, the musician and musicologist Myrna Herzog, who later married Eliahu Feldman, the son of Joseph and Esther Ita Feldman. Through this connection, the Herzogs became linked to the Feldman family of Rio de Janeiro. Leon and Yvonne Herzog later donated a group of hanukiot (plural of Hanukkah menorah) made and collected by Joseph Feldman to the Jewish Museum of Rio de Janeiro, forming what is now known as the Feldman Collection.^[18] The couple also had two sons, Alex and Arthur Herzog, who can be seen with her parents in a 2007 photo.

• Leon Herzog and Yvonne Shaack Herzog
• Leon Herzog and Myrna Herzog at the varanda of their home
• Leon Herzog, Nikolaus Schaack, Myrna Herzog and family at Christmas 1972
• Leon Herzog on golf gear
• Leon Herzog an family (Yvonne, Myrna, Alex and Arthur) at Passover 2007

As of 1992, Herzog presided the council of the Brazilian Friends of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.^[19]. He was the entity's president for 11 years.^[20]

Herzog died in January 2013 at the age of 93. His role as a Holocaust survivor and as a pioneer of Brazilian motorcycle manufacturing has been noted in historical accounts and museum documentation.^[6][11]

Herzog's legacy lies at the intersection of immigrant entrepreneurship, industrial history, and Jewish memory. Leonette motorcycles occupy a niche place in the historiography of Brazil's two-wheeler industry as an example of early domestic production using European technology. His life story as a Holocaust survivor who rebuilt his life in Brazil has been preserved in video testimony and in the institutional memory of Jewish cultural organizations.^[1][6][18] A 2010 feature in *O Globo* described Herzog as a “forgotten pioneer” of Brazilian motorcycling, noting that his contributions predated the Japanese industry’s arrival and remain significant in the country’s industrial history.^[6]

Herzog's testimony has been cited in academic research on Holocaust memory in Brazil and has been used in psychological and historical analyses of survivor narratives.^[21][4][3] His testimony continues to be referenced in Holocaust remembrance programming in Brazil.^[22]

Herzog’s industrial ventures, particularly L. Herzog Indústria e Comércio Ltda. and its associated brand Armafer, became significant components of Brazil’s steel and construction supply chain. By the 1990s, both companies were formally integrated into the operations of Companhia Siderúrgica da Guanabara (COSIGUA), part of the Gerdau Group, and were later acquired as part of Gerdau’s strategic expansion. This incorporation into one of Latin America’s largest steel conglomerates reflects the long-term impact of Herzog’s entrepreneurial activity on Brazil’s industrial sector.^[14][15]

• History of the Jews in Brazil
• Jewish Museum of Rio de Janeiro
• Joseph Feldman (artisan)