Spiridon Gopčević

Not to be confused with Spiridione Gopcevich.

Spiridon Gopčević (Serbian Cyrillic: Спиридон Гопчевић; 9 July 1855 – 1928), also known under the pseudonym Leo Brenner,[1] was a Serbian-Austrian amateur astronomer,[2] journalist, writer and historian born in Trieste. His works on the modern history of Serbia and the Balkans were written from a nationalist point-of-view.[3]

Life

Gopčević was born on 9 July 1855 in Trieste.[3][4] He originated from the village of Podi near Herceg Novi, in Boka Kotorska (modern-day Montenegro), then a part of the Austrian Empire.[5] Gopčević received his education in Vienna, after which he began his journalistic and writing career.[3] He later became part of Serbian foreign service and worked as a diplomatic attaché in Berlin from 1886 to 1887 and Vienna from 1887 to 1890. He returned to his family's estate in Trieste in 1891, where he worked as a journalist for German-language newspapers.[5]

Gopčević's journalistic career ended in 1893 when he was imprisoned for his anti-regime articles. As a self-educated man in astronomy, he practiced the field and published works in it under the pseudonym Leo Brenner.[3] In 1894, he founded an observatory called "Manora" in the town of what is now called Mali Lošinj in present-day Croatia.[6] At this observatory, Gopčević used the 17.5 cm refractor telescope to make observations of planets.[4] Gopčević published observational reports and gained respect among lunar and planetary specialists, such as Philipp Fauth and Percival Lowell.[6] Per academics Ronald Stoyan and Klaus-Peter Schroeder, his reports were extremely detailed and often fictional.[7]

He initially published works in Journal of the British Astronomical Association and The English Mechanic and World of Science. However, when he began to produce results that seemed unrealistic to his contemporaries, such as claiming in the 1890s that the rotation time of Venus is 23 hours, 57 minutes and 36.2396 seconds, Mercury - 33.25 hours, Uranus - 8 hours and 17 minutes, his works were no longer accepted.[4] After his observations received criticism, he made ad hominem attacks against his critics, with targets being French astronomer Camille Flammarion and his assistant Eugène Antoniadi. Gopčević even had a falling out with Lowell, and habitually abused the staff and equipment of the Vienna Observatory. His reputation was ruined due to this conduct. In 1898, the editor of the Astronomische Nachrichten, Heinrich Kreutz, refused to accept his submissions. Gopčević coped with this rejection by establishing his own monthly journal, Astronomische Rundschau (which he published and edited from 1899 to 1909),[3][4] which served as a platform for self-promotion and allowed him to carry out personal vendettas against astronomers who disagreed with him. It occasionally featured fake endorsements of his work by luminaries. Many of the articles written by popular figures like Simon Newcomb, Thomas See, and Edward Barnard were copied from other journals.[6] In 1902, he published the first observing guide of the deep-sky in German.[7] His books on observational astronomy, Spaziergaenge durch das Himmelszelt (1898) and Beobachtungs-Objecte fuer Amateur-Astronomen (1902), had positive reception.[6] According to astronomer Thomas Hockey,[8] "Brenner published drawings of Jupiter that were well accepted", and "After being banned from many journals, Brenner published his own, which included invented endorsements from respected astronomers. Such trickery suggests his erroneous discoveries were not simply innocent errors but deceptions."[9] Per Austrian historian Martin Stangl, he had "a nearly pathological craving for fame and recognition" in combination with an "overestimation of the possible."[6]

He became a strong supporter of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.[3] In 1909, he revealed his identity to the readers of his journal and announced that he would stop publishing the journal, sell his observatory and library, and leave astronomy.[6] By then, his credibility was lost to almost all professional astronomers and he left the field.[7] Philipp Fauth, who kept respecting him, wrote in his letters that Gopčević committed suicide, but the year and circumstances of his death are disputed. He possibly died in 1928 in Berlin.[6]

The crater Brenner on the Moon was named after his pseudonym.[10] A new observatory was built on Mali Lošinj in 1993, and was named "Leo Brenner".

Views

Politically, Gopčević promoted the national interests and policy of Kingdom of Serbia.[3] In 1889, Gopčević published a Serbian nationalist book titled Macedonia and Old Serbia (German: Makedonien und Alt Serbien) for German-language readers,[5] which concerned Kosovo and Macedonia, and contained a pro-Serbian ethnographic map of Macedonia.[11][12] The book was published in Serbian in Belgrade in 1890. It received publicity in Serbia and all German-speaking countries.[3] His map also received publicity in Western countries and despite being regarded as a propagandistic work, his claim led to an impetus in demographic reclassifications.[13] Gopčević's study was the first significant one from a Serbian scholar with a claim about Macedonian Slavs.[14]

Gopčević's biographer argues that he did not actually go to Kosovo and the study is not based on authentic experiences.[12] Within scholarship, Gopčević's study has been noted for its plagiarisms, manipulations and misrepresentations, especially overstressing the Serbian character of Macedonia.[12][15] Gopčević's views on Serbian and Albanian populations in Kosovo and also the issue of the Arnautaš theory or Albanians of alleged Serbian (descent) have only been partially examined by some authors.[12] In the book, Gopčević wrote that the Albanians of upper Reka are "albanicised Slavs".[16] He claimed that most of the South Slavs were actually Serbs and that their languages were dialects of the Serbian language. Another claim made was that the population of Kosovo was originally almost entirely of Serbian origin and was partially Islamized. Gopčević split the non-Serb population of Kosovo into two groups: Albanians of Serbian origin and Islamized Serbs. Thus, Gopčević denied the existence of a long-established Albanian ethnicity in Kosovo, emphasizing its population as purely Serbian. Per him, the majority of Kosovo's population consisted of Serbian Christians. Gopčević did not include sources for his demographic data and it was an arbitrary assessment because Ottoman censuses were based on religion and not ethnicity.[3] His book is seen as a work that opened the path for Serbian territorial claims in the region.[5][15]

In his 1951 book Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia, British academic Henry Robert Wilkinson wrote about Gopčević's book: "It is a firm axiom of the propagandist, however, that an initial failure may be turned into an ultimate success by the simple process of reiteration. Gopčević at least provided the Serbs with their initial failure."[17][14] According to academics Thomas A. Dobbins and William Sheehan, he championed conflicting causes, such as Serbian nationalism, Albanian independence, and a defense of the Hapsburg monarchy.[6]

Works

  • Montenegro und die Montenegriner, 1877
  • Oberalbanien und seine Liga, 1881
  • Bulgarien und Ostrumelien, 1886
  • Kriegsgeschichtliche Studien, 2 Bände, 1887
  • Makedonien und Alt-Serbien (in German). Wien: L.W. Seidel. 1889. OCLC 10448229.
  • (als Leo Brenner): Beobachtungs-Objekte für Amateur-Astronomen, 1902
  • USA. Aus dem Dollarlande; Sitten, Zustände und Einrichtungen der Vereinigten Staaten, 1913
  • Das Fürstentum Albanien, seine Vergangenheit, ethnographischen Verhältnisse, politische Lage und Aussichten für die Zukunft, 1914
  • Geschichte von Montenegro und Albanien, 1914
  • Aus dem Lande der unbegrenzten Heuchelei. Englische Zustände, 1915
  • Rußland und Serbien von 1804-1915. Nach Urkunden der Geheimarchive von St. Petersburg und Paris und des Wiener Archivs, 1916
  • Amerikas Rolle im Weltkriege, 1917
  • Die Wahrheit über Jesus nach den ausgegrabenen Aufzeichnungen seines Jugendfreundes, 1920
  • Kulturgeschichtliche Studien, 1920
  • Österreichs Untergang : die Folge von Franz Josefs Mißregierung, 1920
  • Serbokroatisches Gesprächsbuch verbunden mit kurzer Sprachlehre und Wörterverzeichnis, 1920

See also

References

  1. ^ Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914. Vol. 2. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 441. ISBN 9780313334047.
  2. ^ William Sheehan (2024). Parallel Lives of Astronomers: Percival Lowell and Edward Emerson Barnard. Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 235. ISBN 9783031688003.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mirela Altic (2025). Kosovo: History in Maps. BRILL. pp. 157, 159. ISBN 9789004732025.
  4. ^ a b c d "Gopčević, Spiridon". Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian). Retrieved 20 December 2025.
  5. ^ a b c d Denis Š. Ljuljanović (2023). Imagining Macedonia in the Age of Empire: State Policies, Networks and Violence (1878–1912). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 191–192. ISBN 9783643914460.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Katherine Bracher; Thomas A. Hockey; Virginia Trimble, eds. (2007). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0.
  7. ^ a b c Ronald Stoyan; Klaus-Peter Schroeder (2024). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9781009364041.
  8. ^ Thomas Hockey (2019). "Astronomers behaving badly". Astronomy & Geophysics. 60 (5). doi:10.1093/astrogeo/atz171.
  9. ^ "Meet the scoundrels of astronomy". New Scientist. 10 February 2009.
  10. ^ Slaven Garaj. "A Brief Introduction to Astronomical Education in Croatia". International Symposium on Astrophysics Research and Science Education: 45.
  11. ^ Yosmaolğu, Ipek K. (2010). "Constructing national identity in Ottoman Macedonia". In Zartman, I. William (ed.). Understanding life in the borderlands: Boundaries in depth and in motion. University of Georgia Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780820336145.
  12. ^ a b c d Promitzer 2015, pp. 204–205."In 1889 the journalist Spiridon Gopčević (1855-1936) published an allegedly scientific, but for all intents and purposes Serbian nationalist monograph on Macedonia and “Old Serbia” (i.e. Kosovo). Gopčević’s biographer nevertheless argues that the monograph is not the result of authentic experiences and that he was never in Kosovo. While his manipulations with respect the allegedly Serbian character of Macedonia have already been the topic of exhaustive research, his views on the mutual relations between the Serbian and Albanian populations of Kosovo, in particular with respect to the contested notion of so- called Arnautaš” (Albanians of alleged Serbian (descent), have been only addressed superficially by various authors. Whatever the final judgment might be, Gopčević’s monograph represents a singular attempt to combine sympathies for the cultural development of the Serbian nation with the aspirations of Austria-Hungary as a Great Power in the Balkans."
  13. ^ Gábor Demeter; Zsolt Bottlik (2021). Maps in the Service of the Nation: The Role of Ethnic Mapping in Nation-Building and Its Influence on Political Decision-Making Across the Balkan Peninsula (1840–1914). Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 96. ISBN 9783732906659.
  14. ^ a b İpek Yosmaoğlu (2013). Blood Ties: Religion, Violence and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908. Cornell University Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-8014-5226-0.
  15. ^ a b Elsie, Robert (2012). A biographical Dictionary of Albanian history. IB Tauris. p. 117. ISBN 9781780764313.
  16. ^ Andrea Pieroni (2013). "One century later: the folk botanical knowledge of the last remaining Albanians of the upper Reka Valley, Mount Korab, Western Macedonia". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine: 2.
  17. ^ Henry Robert Wilkinson (1951). Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia. University of Liverpool Press. p. 103.

Sources

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