Lee Hee Seng

In this Chinese name, the family name is Lee.
Edward Lee Hee Seng
DUBC PJG
Lee in 1974
Chairman of the Housing and Development Board
In office
2 April 1971 (1971-04-02) – 1 April 1975 (1975-04-01)
Preceded byPang Tee Pow
Succeeded byMichael Fam
Chairman of the Public Service Commission
In office
1 August 1988 (1988-08-01) – 1 August 1998 (1998-08-01)
Preceded byTan Teck Chwee
Succeeded byAndrew Chew
Personal details
BornLee Hee Seng
(1927-04-11)11 April 1927
Singapore, Straits Settlements, British Malaya
Died4 February 2012(2012-02-04) (aged 84)
Singapore
SpouseDorothy Tan Siew Choon
Children4
Alma materAdministrative Staff College
Raffles Institution
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese李喜盛
Simplified Chinese李喜盛
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLǐ Xǐshèng
IPA[lì.ɕì.ʂə̂ŋ]

Edward Lee Hee Seng[a] DUBC PJG (11 April 1927 – 4 February 2012) was a former Singaporean banker, and chairman of the Public Service Commission from 1988 to 1998. He was also chairman of the Housing and Development Board from 1971 to 1975.

In 1995, Lee succeeded Lien Ying Chow as chairman of the Overseas Union Bank, and was an important stakeholder in the bank, up till the merger with United Overseas Bank (UOB). He retired from UOB in 2003.[1]

Early life and education

Edward Lee Hee Seng received his early education at St. Patrick's School.[2] Later, Lee attended Raffles Institution and graduated in 1946 with a School Certificate.[3][4] He was also a graduate of the Administrative Staff College.[2]

In 1954, Lee was the first Malayan to pass the final examination conducted by the Building Societies' Institute, and was appointed as associate of the institute.[5][6]

Career

Upon graduation, Lee joined the Commonwealth Development Corporation and was seconded to the Federal and Colonial Building Society (now known as the Malaya Building Society Berhad). In 1955, he was appointed as secretary of the society. In 1964, he was promoted again and served as general manager.[7][8] Lee left the society in 1971 and returned to Singapore from Kuala Lumpur.[9][2]

Housing Development Board (1971–1975)

On 2 April 1971, Lee was appointed as chairman of the Housing and Development Board (HDB), after the position was vacant since August 1970 following the resignation of Pang Tee Pow.[10][11] In August 1971, New Zealand Minister for Housing John Rae was brought to tour new HDB flats in Queenstown by Lee, along with Minister for Law and National Development Edmund W. Barker.[12][13] In February 1972, Lee and Barker accompanied Queen Elizabeth II to tour a housing estate in Toa Payoh.[14][15] During a review conducted at the end of 1972, HDB built a record 20,525 units of shops and flats, with a further 36,560 units under construction.[16][17] HDB also raised its 5-year target from 100,000 to 125,000 units.[18] Lee elaborated in his review:

The standard of public housing provided by the Housing and Development Board is not only among the highest in Asian countries, but is also comparable to European and American standards.
Owing to boom conditions the values of properties in the Republic have risen substantially in the past three years. The selling prices of housing developed by private enterprise are no longer related to income and are beyond the reach of many middle-income earners who now look to the Board to provide them with homes.[16]

On 1 April 1975, Lee stepped down as chairman of HDB, and was succeeded by Michael Fam.[19][20] In 1976, in recognition of his contributions to HDB, he was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal.[21][22]

Overseas Union Bank and United Overseas Bank (1974–2003)

On 1 April 1974, Lee was appointed as a director of Overseas Union Bank (OUB), after Lien Ying Chow spent three years convincing Lee to join the bank.[23][24] Lien felt that OUB had to transition from a traditional Chinese family-owned bank to a meritocratic and modern bank, and that was one of Lee's first tasks as director.[25][26] Lee prepared OUB for a public listing, and on 21 August 1975, OUB began trading on the Stock Exchange of Singapore.[27][28][29] However, at a debut price of S$3.00 per share, shares were traded to as low as S$2.54.[30]

In May 1978, as part of modernising the bank using technology, Lee was appointed chairman of Associated Data Processing, a private limited company with a paid-up capital of S$1 million. The computer company was set up by OUB, along with Asia Commercial Banking Corporation, Far Eastern Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank. Each of the banks contributed to 25% of the capital.[31][32] This was the first time that local banks joined forces to form such a company, providing real-time access and transactions to accounts between the banks.[33][34] Lee explained further:

Apart from simplifying branch accounting and record-keeping functions, the computer systems will provide faster counter services for customers.[33]

On 17 October 1978, Lee was appointed as one of the directors of the Nanyang Press, publisher of the Nanyang Siang Pau.[35][36] On 28 July 1979, Lee was appointed by President Benjamin Sheares as a justice of the peace.[37] On 12 February 1980, Lee was appointed as a member of the Public Service Commission (PSC).[38][39]

In July 1980, Lee was promoted to become managing director of OUB.[40][41] Under his leadership, OUB established wholly owned subsidiaries in Toronto and Sydney,[42][43] restructured its operations,[44][45] and acquired the International Bank of Singapore.[46] After a decade of managing OUB, the bank's profits grew 25% annually.[47] In June 1988, Lee was promoted to group deputy chairman of OUB.[48]

On 1 August 1988, Lee succeeded Tan Teck Chwee as chairman of PSC.[49][50] To concentrate on his new role, Lee gave up his directorships in publicly listed companies, and only retaining the position of group deputy chairman of OUB and managing director of the hotel-managing arm of OUB.[51] In recognition of his contributions to the public service, Lee was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in November 1989.[52][53] Throughout his term, he was also appointed chairman to various newly commissions, dealing with education, police and civil defence.[54][55] Lee's ten year term ended on 1 August 1998, and he was succeeded by Andrew Chew.[56][57]

In March 1995, Lee succeeded Lien as chairman of OUB.[58][59] In June 2001, DBS Bank launched a hostile bid of S$9.4 billion to takeover OUB. However, important stakeholders of OUB, such as Lee, showed no interest in agreeing to the unsolicited deal.[60] In August 2001, a document prepared by Goldman Sachs, DBS' financial adviser, was released to investors during a DBS roadshow in Europe. It contained critical statements criticising OUB and the United Overseas Bank (UOB), and suggested that there would be "decision paralysis and infighting" if the two banks merged. DBS apologised for the incident, and paid S$1 million each to chairmen from both banks, which was donated to charity.[61] Lee and Wee Cho Yaw accepted the apology.[62][63] Lee felt that the defamatory statements were personal.[64]

In a circular to OUB shareholders, Lee pushed for shareholders to accept takeover bid of S$10 billion from UOB, and said that merging with UOB will be better in the long run.[65] In August 2001, majority of shareholders voted to accept the bid from UOB, and only 1.2% of shareholders accepted the offer from DBS. As such, DBS conceded, and OUB merged with UOB.[66] Lee was the only representative from OUB as part of a four-man team to supervise the merger, and he was appointed as senior deputy chairman of UOB.[67][68]

In May 2003, he retired from UOB, marking the end of a 53-year career in the financial industry.[69][70]

Personal life

Lee was a Catholic.[71]

Lee was married to Dorothy Tan Siew Choon, and had four children.[72] His eldest daughter, Jennifer Lee Gek Choo, was a President's Scholar and served as chief operating officer of the Singapore General Hospital from 1988 to 1991.[73] In October 1999, she was the first non-married woman to serve as a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) in the 9th Parliament and 10th Parliament till 2005, making her one of the longest serving NMP.[74][75][76]

On 4 February 2012, after battling cancer for nine years, Lee died at the age of 84.[25][77] The funeral was held at the Church of St. Ignatius, located along King's Road. Archibishop Nicholas Chia celebrated the funeral mass, and described Lee as "a man of faith, integrity and responsibility".[71]

Awards and decorations

Notes

  1. ^ Chinese: see Chinese name and romanisations

References

  1. ^ Tan, Mindy (6 February 2012). "A banking giant who played many roles". The Business Times. p. 9. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  2. ^ a b c "New member for the PSC". The Business Times. 13 February 1980. p. 12. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  3. ^ "CAMBRIDGE EXAM SUCCESSES". Singapore Free Press. 3 April 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  4. ^ "CAMBRIDGE EXAM. RESULTS". The Straits Times. 7 May 1947. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  5. ^ "Mr. Lee passes building test". The Straits Times. 18 July 1954. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  6. ^ "MR. LEE GETS HIS CERTIFICATE AND CHAIRMAN'S CONGRATULATIONS". The Straits Times. 23 December 1954. p. 10. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  7. ^ "THE GENERAL MANAGER". The Straits Times. 29 March 1965. p. 3. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  8. ^ "NEW MAN AT THE TOP". The Straits Times. 24 February 1964. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  9. ^ Lee, Hee Seng (4 August 2008). "Oral History Interview". nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  10. ^ "New chief for housing board". Eastern Sun. 2 April 1971. p. 2. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  11. ^ "Di-lantek jadi pengerusi". Berita Harian (in Malay). 5 April 1971. p. 12. OCLC 53812840. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  12. ^ "NZ minister tours HDB flats in Queenstown". The Straits Times. 28 August 1971. p. 19. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  13. ^ "Menteri dari New Zealand jumpa Barker". Berita Harian (in Malay). 28 August 1971. p. 2. OCLC 53812840. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  14. ^ Lok, Jian Wen (9 September 2022). "Highlights of Queen Elizabeth's 3 visits to Singapore". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
  15. ^ "英女王與公爵公主視察大巴窰住宅區駕臨兩個家庭·垂詢生活情况萬千男女老幼夾道歡呼" [The Queen, the Duke and the Princess of England inspected the Toa Payoh residential area and visited two families to enquire about their living conditions. Thousands of men, women and children lined the streets and cheered.]. Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 19 February 1972. p. 15. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  16. ^ a b "Housing standard 'highest in Asia'". New Nation. 14 April 1973. p. 2. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  17. ^ Magiar Simin (15 April 1973). "1972—satu lagi tahun kejayaan dim sejarah binaan..." Berita Harian. p. 6. OCLC 53812840. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  18. ^ Ng, Evelyn (15 April 1973). "HDB raises 5-year target from 100,000 to 125,000". The Straits Times. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  19. ^ "New chairman for Housing Board". The Straits Times. 18 March 1975. p. 21. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  20. ^ "Dilantik sebagai Pengerusi Lembaga Perumahan". Berita Harian. 19 March 1975. p. 8. OCLC 53812840. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  21. ^ "The Top Four—medals for their services to the nation". New Nation. 29 January 1977. p. 3. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  22. ^ "The outstanding four..." The Business Times. 29 January 1977. p. 1. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  23. ^ Chia, Jean; Chan, Sue Meng (17 March 1995). "An extraordinary entrepreneur who just loves what he is doing". The Straits Times. p. 46. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  24. ^ Goh, Eng Yeow (9 February 2012). "Ex-OUB staff pay final tribute to banker". The Straits Times. p. 11. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  25. ^ a b Ng, Magdalen (5 February 2012). "Banking stalwart dies at age 84". The Straits Times. p. 18. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  26. ^ Lim, Richard (12 August 2001). "How Lien courted Lee to helm OUB". The Straits Times. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  27. ^ "OUB plans SES listing". The Straits Times. 18 June 1975. p. 15. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  28. ^ "OUB listing 'a chance for public'". The Straits Times. 1 July 1975. p. 15. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  29. ^ "OUB debut tomorrow". The Straits Times. 20 August 1975. p. 15. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  30. ^ "Disappointing OUB debut". The Straits Times. 22 August 1975. p. 14. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  31. ^ Teo, Lian Huay (4 May 1978). "Computer to link up 42 bank branches". New Nation. p. 4. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  32. ^ "4 bank tubuh syarikat untuk licinkan gerakan". Berita Harian (in Malay). 5 May 1978. p. 3. OCLC 53812840. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  33. ^ a b "Computer link for 42 branches of four banks". The Straits Times. 5 May 1978. p. 17. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  34. ^ "Four banks share computer to boost services". The Straits Times. 16 July 1978. p. 9. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  35. ^ "Banker Lien appointed Nanyang Press chairman". The Straits Times. 18 October 1978. p. 8. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  36. ^ "OUB chief 'to head' Nanyang". New Nation. 23 September 1978. p. 2. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  37. ^ "21 are made Justices of the Peace". The Straits Times. 29 July 1979. p. 8. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  38. ^ "Banker is PSC member". The Straits Times. 13 February 1980. p. 11. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  39. ^ "李喜盛受委担任公共服务委员会委员" [Lee Hee Seng appointed as member of the Public Service Commission]. Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). 14 February 1985. p. 3. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  40. ^ "MOVING UP AT OUB". The Straits Times. 17 July 1980. p. 10. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  41. ^ "New OUB managing director". The Business Times. 14 July 1980. p. 12. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  42. ^ "OUB opens subsidiary in Toronto". The Business Times. 6 September 1982. p. 16. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  43. ^ "OUB in Canada". The Straits Times. 6 September 1982. p. 17. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  44. ^ "OUB sets up two new divisions". The Business Times. 1 October 1982. p. 1. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  45. ^ "Overseas Union Bank restructures its operations". The Straits Times. 2 October 1982. p. 19. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  46. ^ Soh, Tiang Keng (2 June 1983). "IBS to complement OUB's operations". The Business Times. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  47. ^ Lim, Richard (1999). Building a Singapore bank: the OUB story. Singapore: Overseas Union Bank.
  48. ^ Ong, Catherine C. (4 June 1988). "OUB to get new chief executive". The Straits Times. p. 19. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  49. ^ "Lee Hee Seng to head Public Service Commission". The Business Times. 15 June 1988. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  50. ^ "李喜盛出任公共服务委会主席" [Lee Hee Seng appointed as chairman of the Public Service Commission]. Lianhe Wanbao (in Chinese). 16 May 1988. p. 7. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  51. ^ "Lee Hee Seng gives up positions". The Business Times. 3 August 1988. p. 17. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  52. ^ "PSC chairman and judge receive their N-Day awards". The Straits Times. 11 November 1989. p. 6. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  53. ^ "李喜盛杨邦孝 总统颁服务勋章" [Lee Hee Seng and Yong Pung How awarded the Meritorious Service Medal by President]. Lianhe Wanbao (in Chinese). 11 November 1989. p. 4. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  54. ^ "PSC chairman to head two new bodies". The Straits Times. 15 August 1990. p. 3. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  55. ^ "Lee Hee Seng to chair two commissions". The Business Times. 15 August 1990. p. 30. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  56. ^ "Dr Chew to head PSC". The Straits Times. 11 April 1998. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  57. ^ "Andrew Chew steps down from Temasek board". The Business Times. 15 July 1998. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  58. ^ Quak, Hiang Whai (17 March 1995). "OUB chairman Lien Ying Chow retires, Lee Hee Seng takes over". The Business Times. p. 1. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  59. ^ Quak, Hiang Whai (17 March 1995). "A banking titan calls it a day". The Business Times. p. 18. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  60. ^ Koh, Edna (23 June 2001). "DBS makes $9.4b bid for OUB". The Straits Times. p. 1. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  61. ^ Ng, Serena (20 October 2001). "Goldman Sachs, DBS spared SIC reprimand". The Business Times. p. 1. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  62. ^ Low, Ignatius (1 August 2001). "DBS says sorry to UOB and OUB". The Straits Times. p. 1. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  63. ^ Tan, Angela (8 August 2001). "Goldman chief apologises to all 3 local banks in DBS saga". The Business Times. p. 1. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  64. ^ Tan, Angela (9 August 2001). "Defamation was personal: OUB chairman". The Business Times. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  65. ^ "OUB advises shareholders to accept UOB's offer". CNA. 2 August 2001.
  66. ^ Tan, Angela (11 August 2001). "DBS concedes defeat, lets OUB offer lapse". The Business Times. p. 1. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  67. ^ Loh, Hui Yin (29 September 2001). "Wee Cho Yaw-led team to supervise UOB-OUB integration". The Business Times. p. 1. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  68. ^ Low, Ignatius (29 September 2001). "Wee Cho Yaw will oversee integration of UOB and OUB". The Straits Times. p. 13. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  69. ^ Siow, Li Sen (1 March 2003). "UOB chief gives as good as he gets". The Business Times. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  70. ^ "李喜盛5月退休" [Lee Hee Seng to retire in May]. Lianhe Wanbao (in Chinese). 1 March 2003. p. 13. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  71. ^ a b Chan, Robin (9 February 2012). "An inspiring man 'with a heart of gold'". The Straits Times. p. 11. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  72. ^ "Obituaries". The Straits Times. 6 February 2012. p. 12. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  73. ^ "From medicine to management". The Business Times. 18 September 1998. p. 14. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  74. ^ "Jennifer Lee is a 'go for it' new NMP". The Straits Times. 12 September 1999. p. 32. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  75. ^ Mahti, Braema (14 March 2001). "Women's issues raised the NMP way". The Straits Times. pp. H3. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  76. ^ "10 things you should know about Nominated Members of Parliament". The Straits Times. 14 August 2014. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  77. ^ "广告" [Advertisement]. Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). 6 February 2012. p. 22. Retrieved 10 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  78. ^ "Hakim dan pengerusi PSC terima pingat tertinggi". Berita Harian (in Malay). 9 August 1989. p. 1. OCLC 53812840. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  79. ^ "Banker and judge top N-Day awards list". The Straits Times. 12 August 1989. p. 1. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  80. ^ "Pingat kebanggaan bagi pekerja sosial Joko". Berita Harian (in Malay). 29 January 1977. p. 1. OCLC 53812840. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  81. ^ Lee, Philip (29 January 1977). "Four get nations top service awards". The Straits Times. p. 7. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.