Last mile (artificial intelligence)

The last mile in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLM) is a metaphor drawing on last mile (telecommunications) to refers to the limit or "gap" of what an AI model "knows" and human knowledge. Attending to the last mile gap is a strategy also to address algorithmic bias.

The last mile concept was used prior to the public rollout of ChatGPT in 2022,[1][2] and gained traction in 2024 from multiple sources simultaneously.[3][4] and amplified by Forbes Magazine.[5] The "last mile" concept in AI entered common use in 2025 to refer to algorithm gaps,[6] AI design gaps,[7] and other gaps.[8]

References

  1. ^ Coiera, Enrico. "The Last Mile: Where Artificial Intelligence Meets Reality". Journal of Medical Internet Research. National Library of Medicine (2019). Retrieved 10 November 2025.
  2. ^ Ricadela, Aaron. "To make AI results more relevant, businesses turn to "last-mile" training". Oracle. Oracle (2023). Retrieved 10 November 2025.
  3. ^ Fleming, Li, Thompson. "The last mile problem in AI". Brookings. Brookings. Retrieved 10 November 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Robbins, Hollis. "AI and the Last Mile". Anecdotal Value. Substack. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
  5. ^ High, Peter. "Must Read Tech Articles of 2024". Forbes. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
  6. ^ Peter, Hirst. "Beyond the Algorithm: Bridging the Last Mile of AI Adoption". MIT Management. MIT. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
  7. ^ Raghavan, Vaidy. "AI's Last Mile: Why Manufacturing Is Its Hardest Test". Design News. Design News. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
  8. ^ Leone, Andrew. "Delivering Intelligence: How AI is Redefining the Last Mile". The AI Journal. The AI Journal. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
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