Kırıkkale
Kırıkkale | |
|---|---|
Clock Tower in Kırıkkale | |
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Coat of arms | |
Kırıkkale Location in Turkey Kırıkkale Kırıkkale (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 39°50′24″N 33°30′19″E / 39.84000°N 33.50528°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Kırıkkale |
| District | Kırıkkale |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Ahmet Önal (CHP) |
| Population (2022)[1] | 186,960 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Postal code | 71000 |
| Area code | 0318 |
| Website | www |
Kırıkkale is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Kırıkkale Province and Kırıkkale District.[2] Its population is 186,960 (2022).[1] It is located 80 km east of Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. The name of the city means broken castle.
The town of Kırıkkale is located on the Ankara-Kayseri railway near the Kızılırmak River in central Turkey. Formerly a village, it owes its rapid rise in population mainly to the establishment of steel mills in the 1950s. These works, among the largest in the country, specialize in high-quality alloy steel and machinery. In the 1960s, chemical plants were added and in 1986, the Tüpraş Kırıkkale Oil Refinery was established.
History
In antiquity, the area of modern Kırıkkale has been tentatively associated with the ancient settlement of Sarmalius, although its exact location remains uncertain.[3][4][5]
The name Kırıkkale is generally derived from the nearby settlement of Kırık Köyü, located approximately 3 km north of the city centre, and Kaletepe, a hill or fortified site within the present urban area. The combination of these toponyms is commonly interpreted as the origin of the name, which was historically recorded in forms such as Kırık Kal’a.[6]
The former village area of Kırık Köyü corresponds to parts of the modern Kırıkköyü neighbourhood, where historical structures such as the Kırık Köyü Mosque and the Kırıkköyü Cemetery preserve traces of the original settlement.
The modern city of Kırıkkale developed much later and expanded rapidly in the 20th century as an industrial settlement, particularly following the establishment of defence and heavy industry facilities in the region. The name Kırıkkale is commonly explained as a combination of kırık (“broken”) and kale (“castle” or “fortress”), referring to a local fortification or settlement centre, together forming the meaning “broken castle”.[7]
The city began expanding in the 16th century with the settlement of Turkish tribes from the east in Central Anatolia.[8]
Formerly part of Ankara Province, Kırıkkale became the administrative centre of the newly established Kırıkkale Province in 1989.[9]
Demographics
Kırıkkale is the administrative centre of Kırıkkale Province and one of the principal urban settlements of Central Anatolia. The city experienced rapid population growth during the twentieth century, particularly following the establishment of major industrial facilities and its development as a regional administrative centre. Rural-to-urban migration from surrounding districts contributed significantly to the expansion of the city.[10]
The population of Kırıkkale city (Merkez) has fluctuated slightly in the early twenty-first century, reflecting both industrial employment trends and migration to larger metropolitan areas.
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 2009 | 192,705 |
| 2013 | 187,480 |
| 2017 | 194,828 |
| 2022 | 186,960 |
Economy
The economy of Kırıkkale is closely associated with manufacturing and heavy industry. Unlike many cities in Central Anatolia whose economies historically developed around agriculture, Kırıkkale grew rapidly during the twentieth century as an industrial centre following the establishment of state-owned factories and defence-related enterprises. Industrial facilities established during the early Republican period played a major role in transforming Kırıkkale from a small settlement into one of Türkiye's principal industrial cities.[12]
Industrial development accelerated after the mid-20th century with the establishment of state-owned facilities, which influenced the city’s transition from a rural settlement to a manufacturing-based urban centre. This industrial structure continues to shape employment patterns within the city.[13][14]
The city is particularly associated with metalworking, machinery production, chemical manufacturing, and defence-related industries. The production of machinery, metal products, chemicals, and defence equipment continues to play a significant role in the local economy, supported by organized industrial zones and manufacturing facilities that contribute to regional employment and investment.[15]
Kırıkkale's location on major road and railway corridors linking Ankara with eastern Anatolia has further contributed to its economic development. The city functions as a regional centre for manufacturing, trade, transportation, and public services, benefiting from its strategic position within Turkey's transport network.
The service sector has expanded alongside industrial growth, particularly in education, healthcare, retail, and government administration. The presence of Kırıkkale University has also contributed to the local economy by attracting students, academic staff, and related businesses.[16]
Although the economy of the city is predominantly industrial, agriculture remains important in the surrounding province, where cereals, sugar beet, and livestock production contribute to the regional economy.[17]
Industry
Kırıkkale is one of Türkiye's principal industrial cities and is historically associated with heavy industry. The city became an important manufacturing centre following the establishment of industrial facilities by the Turkish state during the early Republican period. Industrial production includes machinery, metal products, chemicals, and other manufactured goods.[18]
Transport
Kırıkkale occupies a strategic position in Central Anatolia and serves as an important transportation junction linking Ankara with eastern and southeastern parts of Türkiye. Major highways pass through the city, connecting it to neighbouring provinces and regional centres.
The city is also served by the Turkish railway network and functions as an important rail junction. Its location has contributed significantly to its economic and industrial development.[19]
Landmarks
Notable landmarks in Kırıkkale include the Kızılırmak River corridor, Nur Mosque, Çeşnigir Bridge, and various public parks and recreational areas developed during the city's modern expansion. The city also serves as a gateway to historical and archaeological sites in the wider Kırıkkale Province.[20]
Culture
The culture of Kırıkkale reflects its Central Anatolian setting and its relatively recent development as an industrial city. Traditional Anatolian customs, folk music, and regional festivals continue to play a role in local cultural life. The city also hosts cultural events and activities organized by local institutions and universities.[21]
Education
Higher education in the city is provided primarily by Kırıkkale University, a public university established in 1992. The university offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in engineering, medicine, social sciences, law, and other disciplines, serving students from across Central Anatolia.[22]
The presence of the university has contributed significantly to the educational, cultural, and economic development of the city.
Archaeology
Although the modern city of Kırıkkale developed primarily during the twentieth century, the surrounding region has been inhabited since antiquity. Archaeological evidence from nearby settlements indicates occupation during the Hittite, Phrygian, Roman, and Byzantine periods. The area formed part of the historical landscape of Central Anatolia long before the emergence of the modern city.[23]
Geography
Kırıkkale lies near Kızılırmak River (translating to Red River) in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The river water irrigates land that produces rice for the Turkish economy. The natural vegetation is steppe type, and vineyards are found in abundance.[8]
Climate
Kırıkkale has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) or a continental climate (Trewartha: Dc).[24] Winters are cold and moderately snowy, whereas summers are hot and dry. Rainfall is most common during spring and autumn.
Highest recorded temperature:42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 15 August 2023
Lowest recorded temperature:−22.4 °C (−8.3 °F) on 16 January 1980.[25]
| Climate data for Kırıkkale (1991–2020, extremes 1963–2023) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.6 (99.7) |
41.8 (107.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
40.6 (105.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
41.8 (107.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −22.4 (−8.3) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−22.4 (−8.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.8 (1.69) |
30.2 (1.19) |
39.1 (1.54) |
40.0 (1.57) |
50.2 (1.98) |
42.3 (1.67) |
9.6 (0.38) |
14.4 (0.57) |
15.0 (0.59) |
29.1 (1.15) |
30.6 (1.20) |
43.6 (1.72) |
386.9 (15.23) |
| Average precipitation days | 11.57 | 9.93 | 11.03 | 11.87 | 13.37 | 9.83 | 3.50 | 3.57 | 4.73 | 7.50 | 8.00 | 11.27 | 106.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80.0 | 72.8 | 64.5 | 60.7 | 59.1 | 54.6 | 47.4 | 47.3 | 50.9 | 61.5 | 71.4 | 80.0 | 62.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 82.2 | 121.5 | 171.2 | 214.6 | 270.8 | 311.7 | 358.5 | 338.4 | 265.9 | 206.5 | 139.8 | 74.3 | 2,556.9 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.7 | 4.3 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 8.9 | 6.7 | 4.7 | 2.4 | 7.0 |
| Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (humidity, sun 1991-2020)[27] | |||||||||||||
Twin towns – sister cities
Kırıkkale is twinned with:
References
- ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ İl Belediyesi Archived 2023-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ S. Mitchell. "Map 63 Ancyra" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ S. Mitchell, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Sarmalius: a Pleiades place resource". Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Johan Åhlfeldt. "Sarmalius, perhaps near Kırıkkale". Retrieved 2013-08-01.
- ^ "Tarihçe". T.C. Kırıkkale Valiliği. Retrieved 5 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale". All About Turkey. Retrieved 5 June 2026.
- ^ a b "Kırıkkale". All About Turkey. Retrieved 5 June 2026.
- ^ "Law No. 3578" (PDF). Resmî Gazete. 21 June 1989.
- ^ "Address-Based Population Registration System Results". Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale (Merkez) Population Statistics". CityPopulation.de (based on TÜİK). Retrieved 8 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Economic Structure of Kırıkkale" (PDF). Kırıkkale Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved 8 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale: Urban and Industrial Development". Coğrafya Dergisi (Academic Journal). Retrieved 8 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale Organized Industrial Zone". Kırıkkale Organized Industrial Zone. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "About Kırıkkale". Kırıkkale University. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale Provincial Profile". Kırıkkale Governorship. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale Industry". Ministry of Industry and Technology. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Kırıkkale Transportation Network". Turkish State Railways (TCDD). Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Places to Visit in Kırıkkale". Kırıkkale Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Culture and Tourism of Kırıkkale". Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "About Kırıkkale University". Kırıkkale University. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ "Central Anatolian Archaeology". Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
- ^ Öztürk, Mehmet Zeynel; Çetinkaya, Gülden; Aydın, Selman. "Köppen-Geiger İklim Sınıflandırmasına Göre Türkiye'nin İklim Tipleri/Climate Types of Turkey According to Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification". Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography. 35 (2017): 17–27. doi:10.26650/JGEOG295515. Retrieved 23 June 2020. (in Turkish and English)
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Kirikkale-17135" (CSV). National centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Kırıkkale Belediyesi Pazarcık'la "kardeş şehir" oldu". Manşet Gazetesi. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2026.