Ketumāla

Ketumala
เกตุมาลา
King of Xiū Luó
King of Phraek Si Racha
Reign?–757
PredecessorGomeraja
SuccessorPadumasuriyavamsa
BornSankhaburi
Died757
Sankhaburi
IssuePadumasuriyavamsa
Names
Śrī Ketumāla Mahākṣatriyaḥ
FatherGomeraja
MotherDevavadī

Ketumāla (Thai: เกตุมาลา) is presented in the Chronicle of Padumasūriyavaṁśa as a mythical 8th-century[a] Dvaravati monarch whose biography is closely connected to that of Padumasūriyavaṁśa,[5][3]: 24  who is described in the source as his adopted son and the inaugural ruler of the Siamese polity. According to this tradition, Ketumala was the son of Devavadī (เทพวดี), a queen consort of Gomerāja (โกเมราช), sovereign of Pranagara Khemarājadhānī (พระนครเขมราชธานี).[1] Following a prophecy foretelling misfortune, Devavadī and her infant son were compelled to depart from the royal court and subsequently established their residence upon the mound of Khok Thalok (โคกทลอก) near Dong Phaya Fai Mountains.[6] There, they asserted local authority,[7] and the population of this nascent polity is said to have been composed chiefly of migrants from Pranagara Khemarājadhānī.[5] Although Gomerāja repeatedly entreated Devavadī and Ketumala to return to the royal center, Ketumala consistently refused. Consequently, Gomerāja authorized his son to administer the region under the regnal title Śrī Ketumāla Mahākṣatriyaḥ (พระเจ้าเกตุมาลามหากษัตริย์) and named the seat city as Indaprasthanagara (อินทปรัษฐ์นคร), while Devavadī returned to Khemarājadhānī to rejoin her husband.[8]

Ketumala is portrayed as having enjoyed a long reign marked by profound devotion to Buddhism, during which several surrounding polities were brought under his authority.[5] In the absence of a biological heir,[b] he adopted Padumasūriyavaṁśa and designated him as crown prince.[8][3]: 24  During Ketumala’s reign, Padumasūriyavaṁśa is reported to have founded a new urban center[11] situated east of present-day Sankhaburi.[12] Following Ketumala’s death in 757 CE, he was succeeded by his adopted son, who chose to administer the polity from this newly established city rather than from Khok Thalok, the former royal seat. This new center subsequently inherited the name Indaprasthanagara from the earlier seat.[11]

The latter parts of the Chronicle of Padumasūriyavaṁśa further endeavor to associate both Padumasūriyavaṁśa and Indaprasthanagara with the Angkorian sphere,[13] an interpretation that contrasts markedly with the narrative preserved in the Ayutthaya Testimonies, wherein no connection to Angkor is mentioned.[14] Moreover, the latter source asserts that Padumasūriyavaṁśa was in fact the adopted son of Subhattā (สุภัตตา), a figure situated in the east of Sankhaburi or Phraek Si Racha region.[10] Subhattā is portrayed as having assisted Padumasūriyavaṁśa in securing the vacant throne of Indaprasthanagara.[15] When these discrepant accounts are considered in tandem, and if Ketumala is to be identified with Subhattā, the locus of Khok Thalok may plausibly be situated within the eastern Phraek Si Racha area.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Although the Chronicle of Padumasūriyavaṁśa places Ketumala’s existence in the period following 857 CE,[1] modern scholars have identified his adopted son, Padumasūriyavaṁśa, with Pra Poat honne Sourittep pennaratui sonanne bopitra[2]: 38 [3]: 24  mentioned in the French account Du Royaume de Siam, where this figure is reported to have ascended the throne in 757 CE.[4] Consequently, Ketumala’s reign could plausibly be inferred to have concluded around 757 CE.
  2. ^ The text makes no reference to Ketumala’s marriage or to any royal consort,[9] a silence that may be attributable to traditions portraying him as having entered the Buddhist monastic order. This interpretation is reinforced by the Ayutthaya Testimonies, which identifies the adoptive father of Padumasūriyavaṁśa as a Buddhist monk named Subhattā.[10]

Ciatation

  1. ^ a b Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 1.
  2. ^ Thamrungrueang, Rungrot; Phakdeekham, Santi (18 November 2016). "เกร็ดประวัติศาสตร์และการเมือง
ว่าด้วยปรางค์ขอม ปราสาทเขมร และศิลปะลพบุรี" [Historical and political facts about Khom prangs, Khom castles, and Lopburi art] (PDF). Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (in Thai). Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. ^ a b c Chueamongkon, Kruekrit (2015). Mathurot Mueanploy (ed.). กัมพูชา จากอาณาจักรฟูนันพนมสู่เขมรกัมพูชา (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Phetprakay. ISBN 978-616-344-775-3.
  4. ^ Simon de La Loubère (1693). "Du royaume de Siam". ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 8 September 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ a b c Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 5.
  6. ^ Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 2.
  7. ^ Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 2–3.
  8. ^ a b Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 4–5.
  9. ^ Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 1–8.
  10. ^ a b Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 4–5.
  11. ^ a b Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 7–8.
  12. ^ Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 5.
  13. ^ Pattanakanana Chaiyan 1932, p. 1, 8–10.
  14. ^ Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 4–11.
  15. ^ Fine Arts Department 1968, p. 6.

Sources

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