People's Justice Party (Malaysia)

For other uses, see People's Justice Party (disambiguation).

People's Justice Party
Parti Keadilan Rakyat
AbbreviationPKR
KEADILAN
PresidentAnwar Ibrahim
Secretary-GeneralFuziah Salleh
Deputy PresidentNurul Izzah Anwar
Vice-PresidentsAmirudin Shari
Ramanan Ramakrishnan
Aminuddin Harun
Chang Lih Kang
Roland Engan
Women's ChiefFadhlina Sidek
Youth ChiefKamil Abdul Munim (AMK)
Nurhidayah Che Rose (Srikandi)
Founders
Founded4 April 1999 (1999-04-04) (as Parti Keadilan Nasional)
3 August 2003 (2003-08-03) (as Parti Keadilan Rakyat)
Merger ofNational Justice Party (KeADILan)
Malaysian People's Party (PRM)
HeadquartersA-1-09, Merchant Square, Jalan Tropicana Selatan 1, 47410 Petaling Jaya, Selangor
NewspaperSuara Keadilan
Think tankInstitut Rakyat
Student wingMahasiswa Keadilan
Youth wingAngkatan Muda Keadilan (AMK)
Women's wingWanita Keadilan
Women's youth wingSrikandi Keadilan
Membership1,153,212 (2024)[1]
Ideology
Factions:
Political positionCentre[23]
Factions:
Centre-left[26] to centre-right[30]
National affiliationBarisan Alternatif (1999–2004)
Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015)
Pakatan Harapan (since 2015)
Colours  Light blue
SloganKeadilan Untuk Semua[31]
('Justice for All')
Anthem"Arus Perjuangan Bangsa"
('Currents of National Struggle')
Dewan Negara
6 / 70
Dewan Rakyat
31 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri
38 / 611
Chief minister of states
2 / 13
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
keadilanrakyat.org

The People's Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Rakyat, PKR or KEADILAN)[31] is a reformist political party in Malaysia. It was founded in 2003 through the merger of its predecessor, the National Justice Party (KeADILan), with the socialist Malaysian People's Party (PRM).[32] The party's predecessor was founded in 1999 by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail during the height of the Reformasi movement triggered by the imprisonment of her husband, former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. Following the 2022 election that resulted in a hung parliament, the party governs Malaysia through a unity government led by Anwar Ibrahim as the tenth Prime Minister of Malaysia.

In the first general election of its predecessor in 1999, the party won five seats in the Dewan Rakyat.[33] A resurgence by the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) in 2004 reduced PKR to a single seat in the traditional stronghold of Permatang Pauh.[34][35] The 2008 election produced a substantial swing to the opposition, with PKR increasing its representation to 31 seats and forming the government in five states.[36][37] The 2008 results also precipitated the resignation of Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and the lifting of Anwar Ibrahim's five-year political ban on 14 April 2008.[38]

The Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, of which PKR is a founding and principal member, defeated Barisan Nasional at the 2018 general election, ending BN's uninterrupted 60-year rule since independence. However, defections from the faction aligned to Azmin Ali within the party and the withdrawal of BERSATU triggered the collapse of the PH government after just 22 months, leading to the 2020–2022 political crisis.[39] The party returned to government after the 2022 general election which resulted in Malaysia's first hung parliament. A unity government arrangement between Pakatan Harapan, former rivals Barisan Nasional, and several Borneo-based parties enabled the formation of a federal government led by Anwar Ibrahim.[40]

The multiracial party advocates for institutional reform and economic justice, drawing its strongest support from urban and semi-urban constituencies, particularly in the states of Selangor, Penang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Johor, and the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The party's platform emphasises Reformasi-era priorities such as anti-corruption measures and social justice.[36]

History

Background

The economy of Malaysia had been badly affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[41] In response, the Deputy Prime Minister at the time, Anwar Ibrahim, had instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures under his jurisdiction as Minister of Finance. The austerity package included reducing government spending by 18%, cutting ministerial salaries, and deferring major projects despite it being the cornerstone development strategy of the Mahathir government. The reforms were seen as challenging the administration's policies, and the situation was later exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Prevention of Corruption Act that sought to increase the powers of the Anti-Corruption Agency (ACA).[42] Then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad strongly disagreed with these measures, and towards the end of 1998, their relationship began to heavily deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance. Eventually, this culminated in Mahathir dismissing Anwar from his cabinet positions on 2 September 1998, before expelling Anwar from UMNO the day after. This was despite Anwar being his protégé and having deep influence within both the party and government.[43]

Anwar Ibrahim and sixteen of his political associates were later arrested between 20 and 29 September 1998 under the Internal Security Act (ISA).[44] Amnesty International designated the individuals in detention as "prisoners of conscience", stating they were held solely for non-violent political activities. Anwar later appeared in court with visible injuries after nine days in custody, raising concerns of incommunicado detention and the risk of prisoner abuse. Human rights organisations criticised the use of the ISA to detain political opponents, as well as the violent dispersal of peaceful pro-reform demonstrations and broader restrictions on freedom of assembly and expression by the government. The following are the political associates of Anwar who were arrested under the Internal Security Act (ISA):

This incident and the circumstances in which it happened led to a public outcry in what became known as the Reformasi movement, but it also resulted in the arrest and subsequent detention without trial of Anwar on what many believed to be politically motivated charges of sexual misconduct and corruption.[44] The movement, which began as the country hosted the 1998 Commonwealth Games, initially demanded the resignation of Mahathir Mohamad and for the end of alleged corruption and cronyism within the Barisan Nasional-led (BN) government. It would go on to become a reform movement demanding social equality and social justice in Malaysia. The movement consisted of civil disobedience, demonstrations, sit-ins, rioting, occupations and internet activism.[32]

Founding

Despite Anwar being detained, the Reformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah went on to develop an enormous following, attracting thousands to her speeches. For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, demanding "keadilan" (justice) and Mahathir's resignation. During Anwar's police custody in September 1998, he was beaten by then Inspector-General of Police, Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor, causing the infamous black eye. The imagery of the black eye was adopted as a rallying symbol of demanded justice by his followers and eventually became the party flag—jocularly known as the Bendera Mata Lebam ("Black Eye Flag")—designed by artist Syed Ahmad Syed Jamal.[45]

Building on the momentum of Reformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (Malay: Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial), also known as ADIL, was launched on 10 December 1998 and was led by Wan Azizah.[46][47] However, facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a political party, the Reformasi movement instead merged with the Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (Malay: Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia), a minor Islamic political party based in Terengganu, and relaunched it as the National Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Nasional), also known as PKN or KeADILan, on 4 April 1999. The registration was just in time for the new party to take part in the 1999 general election.[48] The launch of KeADILan put to rest months of speculation about whether Wan Azizah and Anwar would continute remaining in ADIL, join the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), or attempt an internal coup within UMNO. Although KeADILan was multiracial, its primary target was middle-class, middle-of-the-road Malays, particularly from UMNO. The party has been noted as having rough similarities with the now-defunct social democratic Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia (PEKEMAS).[49] The party was joined by the Democratic Action Party (DAP), the Malaysian People's Party (PRM), and PAS in a big tent alliance of liberals, socialists, and Islamists, known as Barisan Alternatif (BA) to take on the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition in the 1999 general election.[50]

1999–2004: Early years

While parliament's term was set to end in June the next year, an early election was called in November under the pretext of avoiding "undesirable" behaviour during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in December. International media speculated that Mahathir wanted an early election to be held before some 650,000 new voters became eligible to participate.[51][52] In the lead-up to the election, seven activists, including Keadilan leaders; Vice-president Tian Chua, Gobalakrishnan Nagapan, Youth leader Ezam Mohd Nor, Fairus Izuddin and Dr Badrul Amin Baharun; were arrested between 27 and 30 September and as a result prevented from contesting.[53] Further arrests were made on 10 April 2001 and those arrested were subsequently charged and incarcerated under the Internal Security Act.[54] They became known as the Reformasi 10.[55]

With parliament dissolving on 11 November, parties were only left with 9 days' time to campaign between candidate nominations on 20 November and voting day on 29 November. The short campaign period drew criticism from the opposition, and the party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest. It also had to contend with the distribution of pornographic videocassettes implicating Anwar in the villages, as well as a lack of access to written and audiovisual media; the government denied opposition parties access to state-run public broadcaster Radio Televisyen Malaysia.[56][33] Thus, despite the party winning 11.67% of the total votes cast, it only managed to win five parliamentary seats. Notably, Wan Azizah managed to secure victory in Permatang Pauh; the seat formerly held by her husband, with a majority of 9,077 votes. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS winning 27 seats and DAP winning ten seats. The big opposition winner was PAS, which gained 20 seats as well as a majority in two state assemblies in Kelantan and Terangganu.

For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, the dominant Malay-based party which had ruled the country for 40 years since independence, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays. Despite losing 14 seats, two of which belonged to federal ministers, the BN coalition still secured a two-thirds majority of 148 seats.

The post election period saw negotiations between Keadilan and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) on a possible merger.[57] Despite some opposition in both parties to the move,[58][59] a 13-point Memorandum of Understanding was eventually signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002.[60] On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name.[61] However, as PRM had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, dissident members took the opportunity to convene a national congress and revive the party under former youth leader Hassan Abdul Karim.

As the new amendments to the party constitution had yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies, candidates from PRM contested the 2004 general election using the symbol of the old National Justice Party.[62] The party fared poorly in the elections and only managed to retain one parliamentary seat, Permatang Pauh, despite winning 9% of the popular vote. The poor showing was later attributed to malapportionment and gerrymandering in the delineation of constituencies, with one estimate suggesting that on average, a vote for the BN government was worth 28 times the vote of a Keadilan supporter.[63]

On 2 September 2004, the Federal Court overturned Anwar's sodomy conviction. As he had already served the entirety of his sentence for his corruption conviction, he was set free.[64] This unexpected turn of events came timely for PKR which was facing flagging morale due to its dismal performance in the elections.

In December 2005, PKR organised its second national congress.[65] Among the motions passed was the New Economic Agenda[66] that envisioned a non-racial economic policy to replace the race-based New Economic Policy. PKR managed a breakthrough into Sarawak politics in May 2006, a state traditionally known as a BN stronghold. In that year's Sarawak state elections, Dominique Ng Kim Ho, a lawyer and activist, won in the Padungan constituency in Kuching, a majority Chinese locale. The party narrowly lost in Saribas, a Malay-Melanau constituency, by just 94 votes. Afterwards, PKR pursued an aggressive strategy of attracting personalities from within and outside politics. In July 2006, Khalid Ibrahim, a former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad and Guthrie, was appointed as treasurer of the party.

2008–2013: Pakatan Rakyat and Anwar's first return to politics

In the 2008 elections, PKR contested alongside DAP and PAS in a new coalition called Pakatan Rakyat. The party won 31 seats in parliament, while DAP and PAS won 28 and 23 seats respectively. The 82 seats won by the coalition denied BN a two-thirds majority against a backdrop of rises in inflation, crime, and ethnic tension.[67]

PKR also successfully contested the state legislative elections which saw the loose coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS forming coalition governments in the states of Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor. The offices of the Menteri Besar of Selangor and the Deputy Chief Minister of Penang were held by PKR members, Khalid Ibrahim and Fairus Khairuddin, respectively.

Anwar's five-year ban from contesting elections, imposed on anyone sentenced to longer than a year in jail, ended on 14 April 2008.[68] A gathering held by supporters celebrating the end of the ban was dispersed by police.[69] Even despite the ban, Anwar had been widely seen as PKR's de facto leader throughout his imprisonment.[70]

Anwar returned to parliament on 28 August 2008 following a landslide victory in the 2008 Permatang Pauh by-election, triggered by Wan Azizah's resignation.[71][72] He was quoted as saying, "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation",[73][74] Despite the claim, Anwar would need at least 30 defections from government lawmakers to form a majority.[75][76]

In June 2010, Suara Keadilan's publication was suspended for publishing a report which claimed a government agency had gone bankrupt. The Home Ministry, which oversees Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.[77]

In 2012, Anwar was acquitted of a separate sodomy charge from 2008. He was accused by Saiful Bukhari Azlan, his former aide, of sodomising him.[78]

2014–2018: Kajang Move, Pakatan Harapan

Main article: Kajang Move

In 2014, the party's strategy director, then Vice-president-cum-Secretary-General Rafizi Ramli, initiated the failed Kajang Move in a bid to topple the 14th Menteri Besar of Selangor, Khalid Ibrahim, and install Anwar as his replacement. The political manoeuvre resulted in a nine-month political crisis within the state of Selangor and the Pakatan Rakyat coalition that also involved the palace of Selangor.[79] The crisis concluded with the appointment of PKR's Deputy President, Azmin Ali, as the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Most analysts regarded the Kajang Move as a failure.,[80]

Concurrently, Anwar's acquittal in 2012 was overturned by the Court of Appeal, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. This prevented him from standing as a candidate in the 2014 Kajang by-election and potentially becoming Menteri Besar, although he remained a member of parliament pending the outcome of his appeal. In 2015, his conviction was upheld and he was sent to prison.[81][82]

When the party, as part of the Pakatan Harapan coalition, formed the federal government after securing a majority in the 2018 general election, Anwar was granted a full pardon by the country's monarch, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Widely considered to be the prime minister-in-waiting,[83][84] Anwar returned to parliament once again through the 2018 Port Dickson by-election, dubbed the "PD Move".

Since 2018: Governing coalition, political crisis

Disputes surrounding the timeline for Anwar to succeed Mahathir,[85] who had become prime minister again after leading Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 election resulted in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis. Mahathir's abrupt resignation brought an end to the Pakatan Harapan government, followed by the defections of eleven PKR members of parliament: Azmin Ali (Gombak), Zuraida Kamaruddin (Ampang), Saifuddin Abdullah (Indera Mahkota), Kamarudin Jaffar (Bandar Tun Razak), Mansor Othman (Nibong Tebal), Mohd Rashid Hasnon (Batu Pahat), Edmund Santhara (Segamat), Ali Biju (Saratok), Willie Mongin (Puncak Borneo), Jonathan Yasin (Ranau), and Baru Bian (Selangau).[86] All except Baru Bian eventually chose to align with the Perikatan Nasional (PN) government formed afterwards. They were later joined by Jugah Muyang (Lubok Antu), an independent who only joined PKR after the election.[87]

The party subsequently suffered an exodus of members aligned with Azmin nationwide,[93] including elected representatives at the state level whose defections caused the takeover of two state governments by PN. Most notable was Chong Fat Full (Pemanis), who secured a majority for PN in Johor,[94] along with Robert Ling Kui Ee (Sidam) and Azman Nasrudin (Lunas), whose defections led to a similar outcome in Kedah.[95][96] Daroyah Alwi (Sementa), deputy speaker of the Selangor legislative assembly,[97] and Afif Bahardin (Seberang Jaya), a former vice youth chief, were also among those defecting from the party.[98] Meanwhile, other leaders were expelled, including Haniza Talha (Lembah Jaya),[99] the Women's chief of the party, as well as Penang assemblyman Zulkifli Ibrahim (Sungai Acheh) and Sabah assemblyman Kenny Chua Teck Ho (Inanam).[100]

Defections continued into 2021 with two MPs, Steven Choong (Tebrau) and Larry Sng (Julau), choosing to become independents before going on to form Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) and declare support for the ruling PN government.[101] The last MP to leave the party was PKR vice-president Xavier Jayakumar (Kuala Langat), who cited 'frustrations' by the events of the past year and subsequently became a PN-aligned independent.[102]

The party returned to power following the 2022 general election after the Pakatan Harapan coalition won a plurality of seats. A coalition government, colloquially known as the "unity government", was formed between Pakatan Harapan and its former adversaries, including Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, and several minor parties, with Anwar Ibrahim appointed as the tenth prime minister.

Ideology

A supporter of liberal democracy,[103] PKR's constitution has as one of their core principles,[104] the establishment of "a society that is just and a nation that is democratic, progressive and united". In practice, the party has primarily focused on promoting social justice,[105] economic justice,[106][107] eliminating political corruption[108] and human rights issues[109] within a non-ethnic framework.[110]

The party has also been described as having socially conservative and Islamic reformist factions influenced by the Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM), of which Anwar was once a president, which actively promotes Islamic values and maqasid syariah within its political platform.[111]

Organisational structure

Central Leadership Council (2025–2028)

Leadership

President

No. Name Term of office Mandates
1 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail 4 April 1999 17 November 2018 1st (2001)
2nd (2004)
3rd (2007)
4th (2010)
5th (2014)
2 Anwar Ibrahim 17 November 2018 Incumbent 6th (2018)
7th (2022)
8th (2025)

Deputy President

No. Name Term of office Mandates
1 Chandra Muzaffar 4 April 1999 11 November 2001 –
2 Abdul Rahman Othman 11 November 2001 27 May 2007 1st (2001)
2nd (2004)
3 Syed Husin Ali 27 May 2007 28 November 2010 3rd (2007)
4 Azmin Ali 28 November 2010 24 February 2020 4th (2010)
5th (2014)
6th (2018)
- Vacant 24 February 2020 17 July 2022 -
5 Rafizi Ramli 17 July 2022 24 May 2025 7th (2022)
6 Nurul Izzah Anwar 24 May 2025 Incumbent 8th (2025)

Women's Chief

No. Name Term of office Mandates
1 Nell Onn 4 April 1999 4 November 1999 –
- Vacant 4 November 1999 2000 -
2 Fuziah Salleh 2000 27 May 2007 1st (2001)
2nd (2004)
3 Zuraida Kamaruddin 27 May 2007 18 November 2018 3rd (2007)
4th (2010)
5th (2014)
4 Haniza Talha 18 November 2018 29 June 2020 6th (2018)
- Vacant 29 June 2020 11 July 2020 -
5 Fuziah Salleh 11 July 2020 4 July 2022 –
6 Fadhlina Sidek 4 July 2022 Incumbent 7th (2022)
8th (2025)

Youth Chief

No. Name Term of office Mandates
1 Ezam Mohd Nor 4 April 1999 30 October 2006 1st (2001)
2nd (2004)
2 Shamsul Iskandar Mohd Akin 30 October 2006 22 August 2014 3rd (2007)
4th (2010)
3 Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad 22 August 2014 16 November 2018 5th (2014)
4 Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir 16 November 2018 17 July 2022 6th (2018)
5 Adam Adli Abd Halim 17 July 2022 23 May 2025 7th (2022)
6 Kamil Abdul Munim 24 May 2025 Incumbent 8th (2025)

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

PKR has 31 members in the House of Representatives.

State No. Parliament Constituency Member Party
Kedah P015 Sungai Petani Mohammed Taufiq Johari PKR
Penang P047 Nibong Tebal Fadhlina Sidek PKR
P052 Bayan Baru Sim Tze Tzin PKR
P053 Balik Pulau Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik PKR
Perak P062 Sungai Siput Kesavan Subramaniam PKR
P063 Tambun Anwar Ibrahim PKR
P071 Gopeng Tan Kar Hing PKR
P077 Tanjong Malim Chang Lih Kang PKR
Selangor P097 Selayang William Leong Jee Keen PKR
P098 Gombak Amirudin Shari PKR
P099 Ampang Rodziah Ismail PKR
P100 Pandan Rafizi Ramli PKR
P104 Subang Wong Chen PKR
P105 Petaling Jaya Lee Chean Chung PKR
P107 Sungai Buloh Ramanan Ramakrishnan PKR
Kuala Lumpur P115 Batu Prabakaran Parameswaran PKR
P116 Wangsa Maju Zahir Hassan PKR
P118 Setiawangsa Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad PKR
P121 Lembah Pantai Fahmi Fadzil PKR
P124 Bandar Tun Razak Wan Azizah Wan Ismail PKR
Negeri Sembilan P132 Port Dickson Aminuddin Harun PKR
Malacca P137 Hang Tuah Jaya Adam Adli Abdul Halim PKR
Johor P140 Segamat Yuneswaran Ramaraj PKR
P141 Sekijang Zaliha Mustafa PKR
P144 Ledang Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh PKR
P150 Batu Pahat Onn Abu Bakar PKR
P158 Tebrau Jimmy Puah Wee Tse PKR
P159 Pasir Gudang Hassan Abdul Karim PKR
P160 Johor Bahru Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir PKR
Sabah P171 Sepanggar Mustapha Sakmud PKR
Sarawak P219 Miri Chiew Choon Man PKR
Total Kedah (1), Penang (3), Perak (4), Selangor (7), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (5), Negeri Sembilan (1), Malacca (1), Johor (7), Sabah (1), Sarawak (1)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)
State No. Parliament Constituency No. State Constituency Member Party
Perlis P002 Kangar N08 Indera Kayangan Gan Ay Ling PKR
Kedah P015 Sungai Petani N28 Bakar Arang Adam Loh Wei Chai PKR
N29 Sidam Bau Wong Bau Ek PKR
Penang P045 Bukit Mertajam N14 Machang Bubok Lee Khai Loon PKR
P046 Batu Kawan N17 Bukit Tengah Gooi Hsiao-Leung PKR
N18 Bukit Tambun Goh Choon Aik PKR
P048 Bukit Bendera N24 Kebun Bunga Lee Boon Heng PKR
P052 Bayan Baru N35 Batu Uban Kumaresan Aramugam PKR
N36 Pantai Jerejak Fahmi Zainol PKR
N37 Batu Maung Mohamad Abdul Hamid PKR
Perak P063 Tambun N24 Hulu Kinta Muhamad Arafat Varisai Mahamad PKR
P070 Kampar N43 Tulang Sekah Mohd Azlan Helmi PKR
P071 Gopeng N45 Simpang Pulai Wong Chai Yi PKR
N46 Teja Sandrea Ng Shy Ching PKR
P075 Bagan Datuk N54 Hutan Melintang Wasanthee Sinnasamy PKR
Pahang P082 Indera Mahkota N13 Semambu Chan Chun Kuang PKR
P083 Kuantan N14 Teruntum Sim Chon Siang PKR
— Nominated Member Rizal Jamin PKR
Selangor P097 Selayang N14 Rawang Chua Wei Kiat PKR
P098 Gombak N16 Sungai Tua Amirudin Shari PKR
P099 Ampang N19 Bukit Antarabangsa Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin PKR
N20 Lembah Jaya Syed Ahmad Syed Abdul Rahman Al-Hadad PKR
P102 Bangi N25 Kajang David Cheong Kian Young PKR
P105 Petaling Jaya N32 Seri Setia Mohammad Fahmi Ngah PKR
P106 Damansara N37 Bukit Lanjan Pua Pei Ling PKR
P107 Sungai Buloh N39 Kota Damansara Izuan Kasim PKR
P108 Shah Alam N40 Kota Anggerik Najwan Halimi PKR
P110 Klang N46 Pelabuhan Klang Azmizam Zaman Huri PKR
P111 Kota Raja N48 Sentosa Gunarajah George PKR
P113 Sepang N51 Tanjong Sepat Borhan Aman Shah PKR
Negeri Sembilan P128 Seremban N13 Sikamat Aminuddin Harun PKR
N14 Ampangan Tengku Zamrah Tengku Sulaiman PKR
P129 Kuala Pilah N18 Pilah Noorzunita Begum Mohd Ibrahim PKR
P132 Port Dickson N29 Chuah Yew Boon Lye PKR
N33 Sri Tanjung Rajasekaran Gunnasekaran PKR
Johor P163 Kulai N51 Bukit Batu Arthur Chiong Sen Sern PKR
Sabah P181 Tenom N42 Melalap Jamawi Ja'afar PKR
- Nominated Member Grace Lee Li Mei PKR
Total Perlis (1), Kedah (2), Penang (7), Perak (5), Pahang (3), Selangor (12), Negeri Sembilan (5), Johor (1), Sabah (2)

Government offices

Ministerial posts

Further information: Anwar Ibrahim cabinet
Portfolio Office bearer Constituency
Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim Tambun
Minister of Finance
Minister of Home Affairs Saifuddin Nasution Ismail Senator
Minister of Economy Akmal Nasir Johor Bahru
Minister of Education Fadhlina Sidek Nibong Tebal
Minister of Youth and Sports Mohammed Taufiq Johari Sungai Petani
Minister of Human Resources Ramanan Ramakrishnan Sungai Buloh
Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Chang Lih Kang Tanjong Malim
Minister of Communications Fahmi Fadzil Lembah Pantai
Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
(Sabah and Sarawak Affairs) 		Mustapha Sakmud Sepanggar
Portfolio Office bearer Constituency
Deputy Minister of Investment, Trade and Industry Sim Tze Tzin Bayan Baru
Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh Ledang
Deputy Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture Chiew Choon Man Miri
Deputy Minister of Higher Education Adam Adli Abdul Halim Hang Tuah Jaya
Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living Fuziah Salleh Senator
Deputy Minister of National Unity Yuneswaran Ramaraj Segamat

State governments

PKR currently leads the government of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan and served as junior partner in several states governed by Pakatan Harapan, GRS and Barisan Nasional

Note: bold as Menteri Besar/Chief Minister, italic as junior partner

State Position Office bearer State constituency
Negeri Sembilan Menteri Besar Aminuddin Harun Sikamat
Selangor Menteri Besar Amirudin Shari Sungai Tua
State Position Office bearer State constituency
Penang Deputy Chief Minister I Mohamad Abdul Hamid Batu Maung

Legislative leadership

Position Office bearer Constituency
Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat Johari Abdul Non-MP
State Position Office bearer State constituency
Penang Speaker Law Choo Kiang Non-MLA
Selangor Deputy Speaker Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin Bukit Antarabangsa

Official opposition

State Position Office bearer State constituency
Kedah Opposition Leader Bau Wong Bau Ek Sidam
Perlis Opposition Leader Gan Ay Ling Indera Kayangan

Election results

General election results

Dewan Rakyat
Election Leader Votes Seats Position[a] Government
No. Share Won Contested ± Share
Founded as Parti Keadilan Nasional
1999 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail 773,679 11.7%
5 / 193
5 / 78
 5 2.6% 2nd
(Barisan Alternatif) 		Barisan Nasional
Merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia in 2004 to become Parti Keadilan Rakyat
2004 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail 617,518 8.9%
1 / 219
1 / 80
 4 0.5% 3rd
(Barisan Alternatif) 		Barisan Nasional
2008 1,509,080 18.6%
31 / 222
31 / 84
 30 14.0% 2nd
(Pakatan Rakyat) 		Barisan Nasional
2013 Anwar Ibrahim 2,254,211 20.4%
30 / 222
30 / 99
 1 13.5% 2nd
(Pakatan Rakyat) 		Barisan Nasional
2018 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail 2,046,394 16.9%
47 / 222
47 / 70
 17 21.2% 1st
(Pakatan Harapan) 		Pakatan Harapan[b]
2022 Anwar Ibrahim 2,442,038 15.7%
31 / 222
31 / 100
 16 14.0% 1st
(Pakatan Harapan) 		Pakatan Harapan–Barisan Nasional[c]
Note
  1. ^ As part of electoral coalition.
  2. ^ Majority government (2018–2020); Opposition (2020–2022).
  3. ^ Coalition government.

State election results

State election State Legislative Assembly
Perlis Kedah Kelantan Terengganu Penang Perak Pahang Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Johor Sabah Sarawak Seats won / contested
2/3 majority
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
1999
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 43
0 / 32
1 / 33
1 / 52
1 / 38
1 / 48
0 / 32
0 / 25
0 / 40
0 / 48
4 / 70
2001
0 / 62
0 / 25
2004
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
0 / 40
0 / 59
0 / 42
0 / 56
0 / 36
0 / 28
0 / 56
0 / 60
0 / 121
2006
1 / 71
1 / 25
2008
0 / 15
4 / 36
1 / 45
0 / 32
9 / 40
7 / 59
0 / 42
15 / 56
4 / 36
0 / 28
0 / 56
0 / 60
40 / 176
2011
3 / 71
3 / 49
2013
1 / 15
4 / 36
1 / 45
1 / 32
10 / 40
5 / 59
2 / 42
14 / 56
3 / 36
0 / 28
1 / 56
7 / 60
49 / 172
2016
3 / 82
5 / 40
2018
3 / 15
7 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
14 / 40
4 / 59
2 / 42
21 / 56
6 / 36
3 / 28
5 / 56
2 / 60
70 / 172
2020
2 / 73
2 / 7
2021
0 / 28
0 / 82
0 / 39
2022
1 / 15
5 / 59
2 / 42
1 / 56
9 / 65
2023
2 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
7 / 40
12 / 56
5 / 36
26 / 59
2025
1 / 73
1 / 13

See also

References

  1. ^ Rohaniza, Idris (21 April 2024). "PKR rekod lonjakan keahlian di Kelantan". Berita Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 28 April 2025.
  2. ^ Welsh, Bridget (21 April 2024). "PKR marks its silver jubilee". Bridget Welsh. Retrieved 14 March 2026. While the party originally centred itself around the persona of Anwar and his legal struggles, PKR broadened into a party tied to reform and calls for better and more inclusive governance.
  3. ^ "PKR opens leadership centre to rekindle Reformasi fire among youth". The Star. 31 August 2025. Retrieved 11 March 2026. PKR deputy president Nurul Izzah Anwar has stressed that the party must not lose sight of its reformist roots despite being part of the ruling government... she reminded members that PKR was born from the spirit of the 1998 Reformasi movement and not from 'the comfort of cushioned seats'.
  4. ^ [2] [3]
  5. ^ "PKR marks 26 years of commitment to reform and social justice". The Vibes. 4 April 2025. Retrieved 11 March 2026. The party, also known as Keadilan, was founded nearly three decades ago on April 4, 1999, emerged from the reformasi movement, aiming to combat corruption and the abuse of power in Malaysia.
  6. ^ Netto, Terence (10 April 2022). "Does PKR have a political philosophy?". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 11 March 2026. The party was a disparate collection of forces which were surer about what they were against – corruption, cronyism, nepotism, and abuse of power – than about what philosophies animated them.
  7. ^ [5] [6]
  8. ^ Teik, Khoo Boo (11 November 2021). "Recurring Themes in the Politics of Parti Keadilan Rakyat" (PDF). ISEAS Perspective (144). Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute: 1–11. ISSN 2335-6677. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  9. ^ Wan Jan, Wan Saiful (June 2020). Why Did BERSATU Leave Pakatan Harapan? (PDF). Trends in Southeast Asia. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 9789814881890. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  10. ^ [8] [9]
  11. ^ Lee, Byoung-Hoon; Ng, Sek-Hong; Lansbury, Russell D. (16 September 2019). Trade Unions and Labour Movements in the Asia-Pacific Region. Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia (1st ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429200021. ISBN 9780367190491. The People's Justice Party (PKR), was formed through a merger of the National Justice Party (PKN) that initiated the 'reformasi' movement, and the Malaysian People's Party (PRM), a former socialist party. PKR is basically a social-liberal party committed to social justice, equality, equal rights,...
  12. ^ Senkyr, Jan (2013). "Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 75. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  13. ^ [11] [12]
  14. ^ Wai Weng, Hew (17 November 2022). "Islamists vs Islamists in GE15". Malay Mail. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  15. ^ Lemière, Sophie (27 September 2023). "Malaysia on the Edge of Democracy: Will Anwar's Government Step Forward?". Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  16. ^ [14] [15]
  17. ^ Chai, James (May 2024). "Party of Hardship: The Evolution of Malaysia's Parti Keadilan Rakyat" (PDF). Trends in Southeast Asia. Trends in Southeast Asia. 2024 (15). Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute: 1–41. doi:10.1355/9789815203622-002. ISBN 9789815203615. ISSN 0219-3213. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  18. ^ Dzulqarnain, Nadia Qistina (30 November 2021). "Will 'moderate Islamists' entering PKR impact political scene?". The Vibes. Retrieved 11 March 2026. As such, bringing in Maszlee may be part of a strategy to shore up the party with individuals regarded as "moderate" Islamists. Political observers who perceive the Simpang Renggam MP and former education minister as a cosmopolitan politician with moderate Islamic views are not surprised by his decision.
  19. ^ [17] [18]
  20. ^ Achariam, Noel (3 August 2022). "PKR must redouble efforts to win back disillusioned supporters, says Rafizi". The Malaysian Insight. Retrieved 13 February 2026. Our focus is to rebuild the support and movement to convince the people that we are a centrist party. Especially the middle-class and multiracial voters where their political views are undecided. – Rafizi Ramli, Deputy President of PKR
  21. ^ Kim, Nam-Kook (2014). Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia (1st ed.). London: Ashgate Publishing. doi:10.4324/9781315596228. ISBN 9781409455288. Retrieved 20 November 2025. In the 2008 elections, Anwar's multiracialist and centrist PKR united the two, not just in opposition to the BN, but by pulling their political ideologies toward the political center.
  22. ^ Rengasamy, Summugam; Yusoff, Kamarul Zaman Haji; Islam, Rabiul (25 November 2025). "Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR)'S Reform and Governance in Malaysia". Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change. 10 (2). Lectito Journals. doi:10.64753/jcasc.v10i2.1748. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  23. ^ [20] [21] [22]
  24. ^ Hofmann, Norbert von (January 2009). Social Democratic Parties in Southeast Asia (PDF) (Report). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 20 November 2025. Comparative studies locate PKR within the centre-left spectrum due to its social-democratic policy priorities and reformist agenda.
  25. ^ Kamalanathan, Richard (9 June 2008). "PKR economic policies need review". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 14 March 2026. Anwar Ibrahim had recently intimated that PKR's economic policy would reflect the ideology of a centre-left government.
  26. ^ [24] [25]
  27. ^ Jaeh, Mohd Azizi (December 2017). "Pengaruh Sosialisme Demokratik dalam Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR): Reformasi dan Cabaran Kepada Ideologi Alternatif di Malaysia" [The Influences of Democratic Socialism Within Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR): Reformasi and Challenges Towards Alternative Ideology In Malaysia]. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategy. 44 (2). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: 27–50. Retrieved 11 March 2026.
  28. ^ Jaeh, Mohd Azizi; Ismail, Muhamad Takiyuddin (April 2020). "Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) dan Intelektual Liberal: Kelahiran dan Evolusi Idea" [Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) and Liberal Intellectuals: Birth and Evolution of Ideas] (PDF). Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategy. 90 (1). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: 165–179. Retrieved 11 March 2026.
  29. ^ Hassan, Hazlin (21 April 2024). "Malaysia PM Anwar pledges to fight corruption, carry out economic reforms as PKR turns 25". The Straits Times. Retrieved 14 March 2026. One analyst said PKR has to find a way to return to the middle ground, after having moved to the right to appease conservative Malay voters...
  30. ^ [27] [28] [29]
  31. ^ a b "Perlembagaan Parti Keadilan Rakyat" (PDF) (in Malay). Parti Keadilan Rakyat. 11 March 2025. Retrieved 11 March 2026.
  32. ^ a b Suhaimi, Kay (4 May 2018). "Sejarah Penubuhan Parti Keadilan Rakyat dan Pakatan Harapan" (in Malay). Iluminasi. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  33. ^ a b "Malaysia: parliamentary elections Dewan Rakyat, 1999". IPU. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  34. ^ Loh, Francis (March 2004). "Malaysia: Understanding the 2004 Election Results". Aliran. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  35. ^ "IFES Election Guide – Malaysian House of Representatives 2004". IFES. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  36. ^ a b Chai, James (2024). "A Deep Dive into Malaysia's People's Justice Party (PKR)". ISEAS‑Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  37. ^ Moten, A. R. (2009). "2008 General Elections in Malaysia: Democracy at Work". Japanese Journal of Political Science. 10: 21–42. doi:10.1017/S1468109908003356. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  38. ^ Chin, James (14 February 2023). "Anwar's long walk to power: the 2022 Malaysian general election". Third World Quarterly. 112: 1–13. doi:10.1080/00358533.2023.2165303. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  39. ^ Ufen, Andreas (2022). "The Downfall of Pakatan Harapan" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  40. ^ "No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament". Al Jazeera. 19 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
  41. ^ Wong, Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar.
  42. ^ Lim, Kit Siang (1999). "Media statement by Lim Kit Siang". Democratic Action Party. Archived from the original on 8 November 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  43. ^ Symonds, Peter (3 October 1998). "Behind the sacking and arrest of Anwar Ibrahim". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  44. ^ a b "Malaysia: The arrest of Anwar Ibrahim and his political associates". Amnesty International. 3 October 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  45. ^ Khairuddin, Nur Hanim (6 August 2011). "Dari '?' kepada pencipta logo Keadilan". Malaysiakini (in Malay). Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  46. ^ "Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial (ADIL)" (in Malay). Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial (ADIL). 10 December 1998. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  47. ^ Mahmud, Zin (6 February 2018). "Di sebalik harapan rakyat kepada PKR" (in Malay). Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  48. ^ Aris, Azam (26 February 2008). "PKR's watershed election". Indian Malaysian Online. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  49. ^ Jasin, Abdul Kadir (21 January 2011). "A cautionary tale of two coalitions". Agenda Daily. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  50. ^ Nasir, Lyn (4 April 2014). "Selepas 15 tahun, KEADILAN kini bertambah kuat" (in Malay). Keadilan Daily. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  51. ^ "Mahathir explains snap election". BBC News. 10 November 1999. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  52. ^ B. Richburg, Keith (11 November 1999). "Malaysian Premier Calls for New Elections". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  53. ^ Loh, Francis (22 September 1999). "The Rakyat have Awakened and They want Justice". Aliran Media. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  54. ^ "Malaysia: Fear of torture or ill-treatment / incommunicado detention / prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International. 12 April 2001. Archived from the original on 27 October 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  55. ^ "II. Background: The ISA in Law and Practice". Human Rights Watch. 2004. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  56. ^ Ingram, Simon (16 November 1999). "Malaysia's much-maligned media". BBC News. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  57. ^ "Focus: Anwar's party sees future in merger with socialists". Kyodo News International. bnet. 10 April 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  58. ^ Loone, Susan (15 July 2001). "PRM votes to dissolve, merge with Keadilan". Malaysiakini. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  59. ^ Kabilan, Kandasamy (23 November 2001). "Abim factions opposition to Keadilan-PRM merger plan triggers party split". Malaysiakini. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  60. ^ A Aziz, Arfaeza (24 July 2002). "Leadership transition details included in Keadilan, PRM merger MoU". Malaysiakini. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  61. ^ Beh Lih Yi (3 August 2003). "PKR launched, promises to be truly multi-racial". Malaysiakini. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  62. ^ Yap, Mun Ching (20 January 2004). "PRM to contest elections under allys symbol". Malaysiakini. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  63. ^ Surin, Jacqueline Ann (6 June 2005). "22/01: German electoral system more democratic". The Sun. Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  64. ^ "Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim set free". BBC News. 2 September 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  65. ^ "Keadilan akan adakan kongres kedua" (in Malay). Malaysia Today. 2 November 2005. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  66. ^ Ibrahim, Anwar. "New Economic Agenda" (PDF). jahilgoblog.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2020.
  67. ^ "Election setback for Malaysia PM". BBC News. 8 March 2008. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  68. ^ "Malaysian opposition leader Anwar marks end of political ban". Agence France-Presse. 12 April 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  69. ^ "Anwar 'could topple Malaysia PM'". BBC News. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  70. ^ Lim, Ida (27 July 2020). "Ahead of Najib's SRC decision, lawyers explain what happens to MPs found guilty of criminal charges". Malay Mail. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  71. ^ "Malaysian government declares by-election defeat to Anwar". Agence France-Presse. The Standard (Hong Kong). 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  72. ^ "Anwar Ibrahim wins landslide vote". BBC News. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  73. ^ "Anwar sworn in as member of Malaysian parliament". CNN. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  74. ^ Aziz, Faisal (28 August 2008). "NEWSMAKER – Malaysia Anwar sworn in, ends political exile". Reuters India. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  75. ^ "Malaysia's Anwar returns to parliament". Agence France-Presse. 27 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  76. ^ "Anwar sworn in, appointed as Opposition Leader". The Edge Daily. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  77. ^ "Malaysia suspends main opposition newspaper". Agence France-Presse. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  78. ^ "Anwar Ibrahim found not guilty of sodomy". Al Jazeera. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  79. ^ Ng, Eileen (5 October 2014). "2 out of 3 Kajang Move aims met with the last on the way, says PKR's Rafizi". The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  80. ^ Ng, Eileen (23 September 2014). "With Azmin as MB, the failure of PKR's Kajang Move, say analysts". The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  81. ^ "Court upholds five-year jail term for Malaysia's Anwar". Al Jazeera. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  82. ^ "Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim sentenced to five years' jail for sodomy". ABC News. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  83. ^ "Anwar Ibrahim freed from prison after royal pardon from Malaysian king". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  84. ^ "Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysia's prime minister-in-waiting, expects former premier Najib Razak to be jailed over 1MDB graft". South China Morning Post. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  85. ^ "Anwar Ibrahim says he has been betrayed by Pakatan Harapan partners amid talk of new ruling coalition". Channel Newsasia. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  86. ^ Aziz, Adam (24 February 2020). "Azmin leads exodus of 11 MPs from PKR and PH". The Edge Malaysia. Retrieved 17 November 2025.
  87. ^ "PKR MP from Sarawak quits party, pledges loyalty to Muhyiddin, GPS". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  88. ^ "2,000 ahli PKR Pasir Puteh keluar parti" [2,000 PKR Pasir Puteh members left the party]. Harian Metro (in Malay). 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  89. ^ "563 ahli PKR Cabang Kota Raja keluar parti" [563 Kota Raja PKR branch members left the party]. Berita Harian (in Malay). 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  90. ^ "Ahli PKR Perak keluar parti 'berjemaah'" [Perak PKR members left the party 'together']. Sinar Harian (in Malay). 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  91. ^ "500 ahli PKR Cabang Arau dan Padang Besar keluar parti" [500 Arau PKR branch members left the party]. Bernama (in Malay). 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  92. ^ "Tiga ketua cabang PKR Kelantan isytihar keluar parti" [Three Kelantan PKR branch leaders announces leaving the party]. MalaysiaKini (in Malay). 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  93. ^ [88][89][90][91][92]
  94. ^ "PKR rep quits, gives Perikatan majority in Johor". MalaysiaKini. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  95. ^ "PKR's Sidam rep cites loss of confidence in Anwar for leaving party". The Star (Malaysia). 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  96. ^ "Kedah Opposition leader announces formation of Perikatan state govt, collapse of Pakatan and Mukhriz's reign as MB". Malay Mail. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  97. ^ Zain, Oleh Ruwaida Md (13 June 2020). "Dr Daroyah Alwi bawa 35 pemimpin, akar umbi keluar PKR". BH Online (in Malay). Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  98. ^ "Penang rep Dr Afif Bahardin drops PKR for Bersatu | Malay Mail". 24 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  99. ^ "PKR confirms sacking of five leaders including Women's chief Haniza Talha". Malay Mail. 29 June 2020. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  100. ^ "PKR sacks Inanam state assemblyman". New Straits Times. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2025.
  101. ^ "2 PKR MPS quit, declare support for Muhyiddin in blow to party". 28 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  102. ^ Muthiah, Wani (13 March 2021). "Kuala Langat MP Xavier Jayakumar leaves PKR". The Star. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  103. ^ Johari, Zairil Khir (2016). Finding Malaysia: Making Sense of an Eccentric Nation. SIRD. ISBN 9789672165972.
  104. ^ "Core Principles". People's Justice Party (Malaysia). 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  105. ^ "Keadilan questions progress of gender equality". People's Justice Party (Malaysia). 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  106. ^ "Fair share of oil revenue for Sabah: Jeffrey". People's Justice Party (Malaysia). 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  107. ^ Segawa, Noriyuki (29 May 2013). "Ethnic Politics in Malaysia: Prospects for National Integration". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 19 (2). Taylor & Francis Online: 210–232. doi:10.1080/13537113.2013.788918. S2CID 144977212.
  108. ^ "Education Expenditure & Contracts". People's Justice Party (Malaysia). 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  109. ^ "Malaysian opposition politician arrested at protest over village demolition". People's Justice Party (Malaysia). 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  110. ^ Mohamad, Maznah (28 November 2008). "Malaysia — democracy and the end of ethnic politics?". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 62 (4). Taylor & Francis Online: 441–459. doi:10.1080/10357710802480691. S2CID 154845768.
  111. ^ Wai Weng, Hew (30 April 2018). "Voting for Islamisms beyond the ballot box". New Mandala. Retrieved 20 November 2025. Some PKR leaders are influenced by political Islam and ABIM, promoting Islamic values and maqasid syariah within the party while maintaining pluralist policies.
  112. ^ As part of Kajang Move, PKR sacked its own Menteri Besar for not cooperating with the party's move, rendering PKR and DAP not supporting the sitting Menteri Besar.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to People's Justice Party.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.