Kazakhstan–Poland relations

Kazakhstan–Poland relations

Kazakhstan
Poland

Kazakhstan–Poland relations refer to bilateral relations between Kazakhstan and Poland. Relations focus on growing trade and political cooperation. Both countries are members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, World Trade Organization and United Nations.

History

Poland and Kazakhstan have a shared history rooted in the mass deportation of ethnic Poles to the former Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union.[1] Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland.[2] After the Sikorski–Mayski agreement, Polish diplomatic posts were established Almaty, Semey, Shymkent, Kostanay, Astana, Pavlodar and Petropavl in 1941–1942.[3] In early 1942, a portion of the Polish Anders' Army along with civilians was relocated to southern Kazakhstan, whereas the remainder was moved to the Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSRs.[4] The 1st Uhlan Regiment, the 8th Infantry Division and 10th Infantry Division were stationed in Otar, Shokpak and Lugovoy, respectively.[5] The Poles suffered from epidemics and famine and many died.[6] In 1942, the army with many civilians was evacuated to Iran. As of 1943, there were still nearly 77,000 Polish citizens in Kazakhstan, according to Soviet data.[7] After the war, over 62,000 Poles were repatriated from the Kazakh SSR to Poland in 1946–1948.[8]

Poland and Kazakhstan established formal diplomatic relations in 1992.[9] A double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the countries in 1995.[10] Several cooperation agreements were signed between the two countries, concerning economy (2006), tourism (2007), defense (2012), education (2014) and agriculture (2016).[11][12][13][14][15]

State visits

The first President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, visited Poland on three occasions: on official visits in November 1997 and May 2002, and on a state visit on 23 August 2016.[16] During Nazarbayev’s presidency, Presidents of Poland also visited Kazakhstan three times: Polish presidents Aleksander Kwaśniewski and Lech Kaczyński visited Kazakhstan in 1999[17] and 2007[18] respectively, and President Andrzej Duda on a state visit from 6 to 8 September 2017.

From 23 to 26 May 2002, President Nursultan Nazarbayev paid an official visit to the Republic of Poland. During the visit, he held meetings with President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Marshal of the Sejm Marek Borowski, Marshal of the Senate Longin Pastusiak, and Prime Minister Leszek Miller. The visit included the official opening ceremony of the Embassy of Kazakhstan in Poland, as well as the presentation of Nazarbayev’s book “Peace Is the Word That Defines Everything”. During the visit, President Kwaśniewski awarded Nazarbayev Poland’s highest state decoration, the Order of the White Eagle, while the President of Kazakhstan conferred upon his Polish counterpart the Order of Friendship.[19]

Poland President Andrzej Duda hosted Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev in Poland in 2016 for the Polish - Kazakh Economic Forum.[20]

Economic relations

Trade turnover between the two countries exceeded $2.2 billion in 2014.[21] More than 200 Polish businesses are operating in Kazakhstan that have invested about $130 million in Kazakhstan operations.[22] Both countries' foreign trade agencies together established the Polish-Kazakh Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation to build commercial ties between businesses.[23]

Education

Kazakhstani students were the ninth largest group of foreign students in Poland in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, at the same time being the second largest group from Central Asia (after Uzbekistanis).[24][25]

LOT Polish Airlines operates a service from Warsaw to Astana.

Diplomatic missions

  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty.
  • Embassy of Kazakhstan in Warsaw

See also

References

  1. ^ Iglicka, Krystyna (1998). "Are They Fellow Countrymen or Not? The Migration of Ethnic Poles from Kazakhstan to Poland". The International Migration Review. 32 (Winter): 995–1014. JSTOR 2547669.
  2. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi" (in Polish). Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 2012. p. 28. ISBN 978-83-63695-00-2.
  3. ^ Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. pp. 26, 34, 111, 203, 310, 312, 356. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
  4. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 46.
  5. ^ "Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942" (PDF). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  6. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 48.
  7. ^ Masiarz, Władysław (1997). "Przesiedlenie i repatriacja Polaków z Azji Środkowej w 1946 r.". Zesłaniec (in Polish). No. 2. Warszawa. p. 109.
  8. ^ Masiarz, p. 113
  9. ^ "Poland Foreign Policy". Polish Foreign Ministry.
  10. ^ Konwencja między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu w sprawie unikania podwójnego opodatkowania i zapobiegania uchylaniu się od opodatkowania w zakresie podatków od dochodu i majątku, sporządzona w Ałmaty dnia 21 września 1995 r., Dz. U., 1995, vol. 121, No. 586
  11. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy gospodarczej, sporządzona w Astanie dnia 6 lipca 2005 r., M.P., 2006, vol. 13, No. 173
  12. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie turystyki podpisana w Astanie dnia 29 marca 2007 r., M.P., 2008, vol. 6, No. 68
  13. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie obronności, podpisana w Astanie dnia 11 lipca 2012 r., M.P., 2018, No. 957
  14. ^ Porozumienie między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie edukacji, podpisane w Astanie dnia 15 września 2014 r., M.P., 2016, No. 649
  15. ^ Porozumienie między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie rolnictwa, podpisane w Warszawie dnia 22 sierpnia 2016 r., M.P., 2017, No. 331
  16. ^ "Сотрудничество Республики Казахстан с Республикой Польша". gov.kz. Retrieved 2025-05-11.
  17. ^ "POLISH PRESIDENT STARTS OFFICIAL TRIP TO KAZAKHSTAN". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 October 1999.
  18. ^ "President of Kazakhstan visits Poland". csm.org.pl. Center for International Relations. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  19. ^ 2001. Один год президента (in Russian). Астана. 2005. p. 234-246. ISBN 9965-27-753-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ "Poland - Kazakhstan. Potential of cooperation is enormous". Polish Investment & Trade Agency. Archived from the original on 2022-03-26. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  21. ^ "Polish Ambassador to Kazakhstan Strongly Supports Silk Road Project". The Astana Times.
  22. ^ "Focus on Kazakhstan". Polish Investment & Trade Agency. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
  23. ^ "PAIiIZ and Kaznex signed a cooperation agreement". Polish Investment & Trade Agency.
  24. ^ Cudzoziemcy na uczelniach w Polsce. Raport 2022 (in Polish). Warszawa: Ośrodek Przetwarzania Informacji–Państwowy Instytut Badawczy. 2023. p. 25.
  25. ^ Tomczyńska, Aldona; Maziarczyk, Anna (2025). Cudzoziemcy na uczelniach w Polsce 2024 (in Polish). Warszawa: Ośrodek Przetwarzania Informacji–Państwowy Instytut Badawczy. p. 7.
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