Kazakh invasion of Northern Bukhara
| Kazakh invasion of Northern Bukhara | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Kazakh–Uzbek Wars and the Expansion of the Kazakh Khanate | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Kazakh Khanate | Khanate of Bukhara | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Baqi Muhammad Khan Pir Muhammad Khan Abd al-Mumin Khan X Muhammad-Kuli Sultan Said-Muhammad Sultan † Muhammad-Baki Biy † Hazare Sultan †[6] | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 90,000 | 100,000 | ||||||||
The Kazakh invasion of Northern Bukhara,[7] also known as the Kazakh invasion of Mā Warāʾ an-Nahr, was a military campaign of the Kazakh Khanate led by Tawakkul Khan against the Khanate of Bukhara in 1598 and 1599.[8]
Campaign
The invasion of the Khanate of Bukhara was the idea of the Kazakh Khan Tawakkul. Khan was an ally of the Bukharans for much of the 1580s and 1590s. News of Abdullah Khan II's death early in 1598, followed by the death of Abd al-Mu'min in June of that year, inspired Tawakkul to assert himself.[8]
In the winter of 1598, Tawakkul, with the army of the Kazakh Khanate, which consisted of Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Kyrgyz, moved south from Dasht-i Kipchak in the direction of Transoxiana. First, he captured Tashkent and other settlements along it. The Syr Darya River and all the others fell without resistance. Then he moved forward south towards Samarkand. Having learned about the approach of Tawakkul, the population of the city offered no resistance. They surrendered Samarkand to the Kazakhs and gave them their prince as a hostage.[8]
Tawakkul remained briefly in Samarkand before heading west towards Dabusia and Bukhara. Khan left his brother Esim Sultan in Samarkand with a garrison of twenty thousand people to govern Samarkand and the surrounding region.[8]
Tawakkul Khan himself moved to besiege Bukhara with his army of 70,000-80,000 people. However, Pir-Muhammad Khan and Baki-sultan actively participated in the battles against Tauekel Khan and often won victories. For about a month, both sides fought continuously. Baki-sultan demonstrated courage and loyalty to Pir-Muhammad Khan until Tauekel Khan, weakened by the battles, launched a sudden night attack on Pir-Muhammad Khan's camp. However, the army of Pir Muhammad Khan also gave a decisive rebuff, and a fierce battle broke out. In this battle, Tauekel managed to kill Sayyid Muhammad Sultan, a relative of Pir Muhammad Khan, and Muhammad Baki-atalyk-divanbegi, but he himself was wounded and did not achieve success. Having retreated to Tashkent, he soon died of illness: "... and he went to the world of eternity
Results
In 1598–1599, after a series of military campaigns, the Kazakh khans established control over Fergana and parts of Turkestan, including the Tashkent oasis. Fergana was returned at the beginning of the 17th century, and other lands acquired by the Kazakhs remained under their control. Treaties concluded between the Uzbeks and Kazakhs promised the Kazakhs that the Uzbek khans would not interfere in the affairs of the occupied lands.[2]
References
- ^ Artykbayev, Zhambyl (2002). История Казахстана в легендах и преданиях (in Russian). Karaganda: Karagandy State University. ISBN 9965-477-44-2.
- ^ a b Roudik, Peter (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics. Westport: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780313087707.
- ^ Baumer, Christoph (2018). The History of Central Asia. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781838608682.
- ^ Kundakbayeva, Zhanar (2022). The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Vol. I. Almaty: LitRes. ISBN 9785040888788.
- ^ Pishchulina, K. A. "'Bahr al-asrar" by Mahmud ibn Wali as a source on the socio-economic history of Eastern Turkestan in the 16th–17th centuries".
- ^ Abuseitova M. Kh. (1985). "Kazakh Khanate in the second half of the 16th century". Science of the Kazakh SSR. pp. 77–101
- ^ Keller, Shoshana (2020). Russia and Central Asia: Coexistence, Conquest, Convergence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781487594343.
- ^ a b c d Welsford, Thomas (2012). Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tūqāy-Tīmūrid Takeover of Greater Mā Warā Al-Nahr, 1598–1605. Leiten: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23675-2.