Kalhora dynasty
Kalhora dynasty ڪلهوڙا خاندان | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1701–1783 | |||||||||
Black standard | |||||||||
| Capital | Khudabad (1710–1768) Haiderabad (1768–1783) | ||||||||
| Official languages | Sindhi[1] | ||||||||
| Government | Nobility | ||||||||
| Nawab (Mian) | |||||||||
• 1701–1719 | Yar Muhammad Kalhoro | ||||||||
• 1775–1783 | Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1701 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1783 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| History of Sindh |
|---|
| History of Pakistan |
The Kalhora dynasty (Sindhi: ڪلهوڙا خاندان, romanized: Kalhōṛā khāndān) was a Sindhi Muslim Kalhora tribe dynasty based in the region of Sindh, present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh, South Punjab and parts of Kutch (present-day Gujarat, India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[2] They were assigned to hold authority by the Mughal Grand Vizier Mirza Ghazi Beg.[3]
History
Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was invested with title of Khuda Yar Khan and was made Subahdar of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed Subahdar of Sehwan and thus oversaw most of Sindh.[4]
The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of Nader Shah. Sind was then conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1748–1750 making the Sind State a vassal under the suzerainty of the Durrani Empire.[5][6]
The Kalhora nawabs also took part in the historic Third Battle of Panipat as part of the victorious Islamic coalition.[7] Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro brought stability to Sindh as he restructured the state.[8] Ghulam Shah's successors couldn't control Sindh for long and were overthrown by Talpurs mirs in the Battle of Halani. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.[4] Abdul Nabi Kalhoro went on to rule ruled over Layyah, Bhakkar and across the Thal to Chenab side from 1787 to 1790 defeating Jaskani tribe who previously ruled there.[9]
According to Ḳāniʿ, who visited their court, the Kalhora spoke Sindhi in court.[1]
Rulers
| Personal Name | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| From | Until | ||
| Yar Muhammad Kalhoro | 1700 | 1720 | Younger son of Nasir Kalhora |
| Noor Mohammad Kalhoro | 1720 | 1756 | Son of Yaar Muhammad. Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. Kalhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1736. |
| Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro | 1756 | 1758 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Ghulam Shah Kalhoro | 1758 | 1772 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Sarfaraz Kalhoro | 1772 | 1775 | Son of Ghulam Shah. |
| Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | 1775 | 1782 | Son of Sarfaraz Kalhoro. |
See also
References
- ^ a b Naz, Humera (2023). Sindh under the Kalhoras: Persian histories, chronicles, epistolaries, and compendiums of 18th century Sindh. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780190701406.
- ^ "Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories)". Sindhi Adabi Board.
- ^ Asian Historical Architecture – Mirza Jani Beg Tomb (c. 1600-1610)
- ^ a b Sarah F. D. Ansari (31 January 1992). Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0-521-40530-0.
- ^ The Peoples of Pakistan: An Ethnic History (1971) by I︠U︡riĭ Vladimirovich Gankovskiĭ
- ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia (2003) Adle, Chahryar, Baipakov, Karl M., Habib, Irfan, UNESCO
- ^ Muqaddama-E-Sirajul Absar Vol-II (2013) by Syed Khundniri
- ^ Harjani, Dayal N. Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part I (2018)
- ^ "Page 11 - Layyah Gazetteer". gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2026.