K. K. Lele

Kaśināth Kṛṣṇa Lele, normally cited and referred to as K. K. Lele (d. circa 1935),[1] was the Superintendent of Education in Dhar State, a Princely State in the Central India Agency of British India. Early in his career, in 1887, he took over the educational department in Dewas State, introducing reforms and opening a number of schools.[2] In 1899, he shifted to Dhar State where he was appointed tutor to the Rājā of Dhār.[3] In anticipation of the visit of Lord Curzon to Dhar in 1902, Captain Ernest Barnes, the political agent, formed an archaeological department and placed Lele in charge in September 1902.[4]

Lele was a gifted scholar of Sanskrit and had particular interests in epigraphy, publishing a number of articles on the inscriptions in Dhar state.[5] He was responsible for recovering the Kodaṇḍakāvya from the Kamāl Maula campus in Dhar and arranging the fragments in the museum in Dhār fort (now a museum under the jurisdiction of the Directorate of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Madhya Pradesh). Much of his work on Paramara-period inscriptions was collected and published by his nephew, C. B. Lele.[6] Of published work in his lifetime, the most wide-ranging was "The Paramaras of Dhar and Malwa," appended to the Dhar State Gazetteer.[7]

Lele's most significant discoveries were inscriptions in the Kamal Maula masjid: the Kūrmaśatakadvayam, two poems praising Kūrma in Prakrit[8] and the Vijayaśrīnāṭikā, a drama by the poet Madana for his patron Arjunavarman (c. 1210-15).[9] A concise and informative analysis of the dramatic inscription is given by H. V. Trivedi.[10] Lele's views about the Vijayaśrīnāṭikā were circulated in a report dated 30 December 1903, subsequently printed and published in full by S. K. Dikshit in 1968.[11] Because a number of the literary inscriptions found at Dhār had colophons attributing the works to Bhoja, Lele coined the term 'Bhojshāla' for the Kamāl Maula masjid, a building that was popularly known as Rājā Bhoja's madrasa in his time.[12] The fact that Vijayaśrīnāṭikā opens with an invocation to Sarasvatī has prompted the idea that the Bhojshāla was sacred to this goddess. Although this association cannot predate Lele's discovery of the Vijayaśrīnāṭikā in November 1903, it has led to social tensions and a legal case that reached the Madhya Pradesh High Court in 2024.[13] Thus Lele's research and historical interpretations, conducted more than a century ago, continue to have significant implications.

References

  1. ^ Mentioned as deceased in 1939, see Ganpat Rao Gopal Khondekar, “Gopal Sambhaji," Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3 (1939), pp. 1283–90. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/44252474.
  2. ^ C. E. Luard, Western States (Mālwā) Gazetteer, Volume V.- Part A, Text, p. 54. URL: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35238/page/n73/mode/2up?q=Lele.
  3. ^ C. E. Luard, Western States (Mālwā) Gazetteer, Volume V.- Part A, Text (Bombay: Printed at the British India Press, Byculla, 1908), p. 54. URL: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35238/page/n73/mode/2up?q=Lele.
  4. ^ Ernest Barnes, “Art. XI. - Dhar and Mandu,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch 21 (1904), pp. 339-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949373; C. E. Luard, Western States (Mālwā) Gazetteer, Volume V.- Part A, Text (Bombay: Printed at the British India Press, Byculla, 1908), p. 400. URL: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35238/page/n463/mode/2up?q=Lele
  5. ^ For example, K. K. Lele, “A Fragmentary Inscription of Maṇḍu,” ABORI 11 (1930), pp. 49-53.
  6. ^ C. B. Lele, Parmar Inscriptions in Dhar State, 875-1310 AD, Dhar State, Historical record series, v. 1 (Dhar: [Department of History and Museum, 1944]).
  7. ^ C. E. Luard, W. T. Kapse and B. N. Khory, Dhar State Gazetteer : Text and Tables (Bombay: Printed at the British India Press, Byculla, 1908).
  8. ^ R. Pischel, ed. Kūrmaśatakadvayam: Two Prakrit poems on Tortoise who supports the Earth, translated with selected glossary by V. M. Kulkarni, introduction by Devangana Desai (Ahmedabad, 2003). This is not the Kūrma incarnation, but rather the primal tortise Ādikūrma. An open access copy is available through JainQuantum.
  9. ^ S. K. Dikshit, ed., Pārijātamañjarī alias Vijayaśrī by Rāja-Guru Madana alias Bāla-Sarasvatī (Bhopal, 1968). Other inscriptions examined by Lele are discussed in Saarthak Singh, “Serpentine Scimitars and Sarasvati’s Speech: The Materials of Knowledge in Medieval Malwa, c.1100–1400,” Arts Asiatiques 79 (2025), pp. 5-30.
  10. ^ H. V. Trivedi, Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas and Two Minor Dynasties, 2 parts. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 7, part 1 (New Delhi: Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, 1991), p. 194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10878801.
  11. ^ S. K. Dikshit, ed., Pārijātamañjarī alias Vijayaśrī by Rāja-Guru Madana alias Bāla-Sarasvatī (Bhopal, 1968), pp. xvii-xxiv.
  12. ^ Ernest Barnes, “Art. XI. - Dhar and Mandu,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch 21 (1904), p. 350 used the term, Barnes's paper first read in June 1902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949373; C. E. Luard, Western States (Mālwā) Gazetteer, Volume V.- Part A, Text, (Bombay: Printed at the British India Press, Byculla, 1908), p. 498. URL: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206907/page/n583/mode/. The term 'Bhoja Shāla' already appears in this work, see p. 496.
  13. ^ Ishita Mishra, “Madhya Pradesh HC orders ASI survey of Bhojshala complex,” The Hindu (March 11, 2024).
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