Jingmai O'Connor

Dr. Jingmai K. O'Connor
Born (1983-08-26) August 26, 1983[1]
Los Angeles, California.
CitizenshipAmerican
Scientific career
FieldsPaleontology
Institutions
Thesis A Systematic Review of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces)  (2009)
Doctoral advisorLuis M. Chiappe and Dr. David Bottjer
Websitepaleontologista.com

Jingmai Kathleen O'Connor (Chinese: 邹晶梅 Zōu Jīngméi; born August 26, 1983) is a paleontologist who works as a curator at the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois.[2][3][1]

Biography

O'Connor is from Pasadena, California.[3] Her mother is a geologist.[4] O'Connor says that while she was not a dinosaur enthusiast as a child, being present for her mother's geology fieldwork began her interest in the subject.[4] She explains, "I enjoyed going to the field with her, collecting rocks, minerals, and fossils, and playing in the lab."[5]

O'Connor graduated from Occidental College after majoring in Geology and studying with Donald Prothero.[2] While a student, she volunteered in the paleontology department of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, working with Xiaoming Wang.[2] She received a Ph.D. from the University of Southern California in 2009, studying ancient birds with Luis M. Chiappe and David Bottjer.[2]

Paleontology

After obtaining her Ph.D., O'Connor moved to Beijing where she worked as a postdoc at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology.[2] Working with Zhou Zhonghe, she advanced to a full professorship while continuing her ancient bird research.[2] Professor O'Connor is half Chinese and says that she is "very, very proud and fascinated by my Chinese culture" and found moving to China to pursue paleontology very rewarding.[4]

In 2011, O'Connor named a species of Qiliania, a Cretaceous-era bird that she discovered with a team, the Qiliania graffini after Greg Graffin.[3] Graffin is most well-known as the singer of the punk band Bad Religion and is also a professor of Evolutionary biology.[6]

During her time with the Institute, O'Connor was part of a team that made discoveries of extraordinary Enantiornithes remains preserved in Burmese amber. These deposits dated to 99 million years ago and the remains are among the most well-preserved of any Mesozoic dinosaur. The team found fully feathered wings, feet, and even entire hatchlings.[7][8][9] With the team, and also as first author, Prof. O'Connor has published findings showing that enantiornithines had fully modern feathers, clarified the feather arrangements and musculature of several species.[7][10]

O'Connor was given the Charles Schuchert Award by the Paleontological Society. The award is given annually to a person under 40 whose work reflects excellence and promise in the science of paleontology.[11]

In 2020, O'Connor returned to the United States, becoming the Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles at the Field Museum in Chicago.[2] She continues to publish, and in 2021 co-authored a paper on the discovery of quartz crystals in the stomach of an enantiornithine Bohaiornis.[5] She is also doing research within the Field's collection, studying the mysterious holes in the jaw of Sue the Tyrannosaurus rex.[12] She also assisted with the museum's acquisition of the thirteenth known Archaeopteryx specimen, which was announced in 2024, and will conduct further research with it.[13][14]

Below is a list of taxa that O'Connor has contributed to naming:

Year Taxon Authors
2025 Chromeornis funkyi gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Wang, Clark, Kuo, Davila, Wang, Zheng, & Zhou[15]
2025 Novavis pubisculata gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Atterholt, Clark, Zhou, Peng, Zhang, & You[16]
2024 Lokiceratops rangiformis gen. et sp. nov. Loewen, Sertich, Sampson, O'Connor, Carpenter, Sisson, Øhlenschlæger, Farke, Makovicky, Longrich, & Evans[17]
2024 Avisaurus darwini sp. nov. Clark, Atterholt, Scannella, Carroll, & O'Connor[18]
2024 Neobohaiornis lamadongensis gen. et sp. nov. Shen, Clark, Fang, Chen, Jiang, Ji, & O'Connor[19]
2022 Meemannavis ductrix gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Stidham, Harris, Lamanna, Bailleul, Hu, Wang, & You[20]
2022 Brevidentavis zhangi gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Stidham, Harris, Lamanna, Bailleul, Hu, Wang, & You[20]
2021 Fortipesavis prehendens gen. et sp. nov. Clark & O'Connor[21]
2020 Mengciusornis dentatus gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Zhou, & Zhou[22]
2019 Avimaia schweitzerae gen. et sp. nov. Bailleul, O'Connor, Zhang, Li, Wang, Lamanna, Zhu, & Zhou[23]
2019 Ambopteryx longibrachium gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Xu, & Zhou[24]
2018 Mirarce eatoni gen. et sp. nov. Atterholt, Hutchison, & O'Connor[25]
2017 Monoenantiornis sihedangia gen. et sp. nov. Hu & O'Connor[26]
2017 Cruralispennia multidonta gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Pan, & Zhou[27]
2016 Dingavis longimaxilla gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Wang, & Hu[28]
2016 Feitianius paradisi gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Li, Lamanna, Wang, Harris, Atterholt, & You[29]
2016 Linyiornis amoena gen. et sp. nov. Wang, Wang, O'Connor, Wang, Zheng, & Zhang[30]
2015 Yi qi gen. et sp. nov. Xu, Zheng, Sullivan, Wang, Xing, Wang, Zhang, O'Connor, Zhang, & Pan[31]
2015 Archaeornithura meemannae gen. et sp. nov. Wang, Zheng, O'Connor, Lloyd, Wang, Wang, Zhang, & Zhou[32]
2014 Eopengornis martini gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Zheng, Wang, Hu, & Zhou[33]
2014 Evgenavis nobilis gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Averianov, & Zelenkov[34]
2014 Tianyuornis cheni gen. et sp. nov. Zheng, O'Connor, Wang, Zhang, & Wang[35]
2014 Iteravis huchzermeyeri gen. et sp. nov. Zhou, O'Connor, & Wang[36]
2013 Changmaornis houi gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Li, & You[37]
2013 Jiuquanornis niui gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Li, & You[37]
2013 Yumenornis huangi gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Li, & You[37]
2013 Sulcavis geeorum gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Zhang, Chiappe, Meng, Quangduo, & Di[38]
2012 Jeholornis palmapenis sp. nov. O'Connor, Sun, Xu, Wang, & Zhou[39]
2011 Qiliania graffini gen. et sp. nov. Ji, Atterholt, O'Connor, Lamanna, Harris, Li, You, & Dodson[40]
2010 Shenqiornis mengi gen. et sp. nov. Wang, O'Connor, Zhao, Chiappe, Gao, & Cheng[41]
2010 Longicrusavis houi gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Gao, & Chiappe[42]
2009 Shanweiniao cooperorum gen. et sp. nov. O'Connor, Wang, Chiappe, Gao, Meng, Cheng, & Liu[43]
2008 Zhongornis haoae gen. et sp. nov. Gao, Chiappe, Meng, O'Connor, Wang, Cheng, & Liu[44]


Works

  • When Dinosaurs Conquered the Skies: The Incredible Story of Bird Evolution (2022). ISBN 9780711275133

Further reading

  1. ^ a b "Jingmai Kathleen O'Connor 邹晶梅: CV". Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Staff Profile: Jingmai O'Connor, Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles". Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  3. ^ a b c Mahoney, Adam (2020-10-07). "Field Museum's new dinosaur curator known as 'punk rock' paleontologist". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  4. ^ a b c "Digging For Answers To Avians' Ancestors". Science Friday. 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  5. ^ a b Gorey, Colm (22 February 2021). "Jingmai O'Connor: 'I think people imagine we spend far more time digging up fossils than we actually do'". Frontiers Science News. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  6. ^ Feinberg, Paul. "Reading, Writing and Rock 'n' Roll". UCLA Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  7. ^ a b Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; Wang, Min; Bai, Ming; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Yan; Tseng, Kuowei; Lockley, Martin G.; Li, Gang; Zhang, Weiwei; Xu, Xing (28 June 2016). "Mummified precocial bird wings in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Nature Communications. 7 (1) 12089. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712089X. doi:10.1038/ncomms12089. PMC 4931330. PMID 27352215.
  8. ^ Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Bai, Ming; Tseng, Kuowei; Chiappe, Luis M. (30 January 2019). "A fully feathered enantiornithine foot and wing fragment preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 927. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9..927X. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37427-4. PMC 6353931. PMID 30700773.
  9. ^ Xing, Lida; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Tseng, Kuowei; Li, Gang; Bai, Ming (September 2017). "A mid-Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) hatchling preserved in Burmese amber with unusual plumage". Gondwana Research. 49: 264–277. Bibcode:2017GondR..49..264X. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2017.06.001.
  10. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Li, Da-Qing; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Wang, Min; Harris, Jerald D.; Atterholt, Jessie; You, Hai-Lu (30 December 2015). "A new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves, Ornithothoraces) from northwestern China with elaborate tail ornamentation". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (1) e1054035. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E4035O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1054035. S2CID 85800831.
  11. ^ "Past Awardees". Paleontological Society. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  12. ^ Esposito, Stefano (2021-03-10). "Shining a 'dino' light on a T. rex mystery". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  13. ^ "Meet the Chicago Archaeopteryx - Field Museum". www.fieldmuseum.org. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  14. ^ Tribune, Jennifer Day | Chicago (6 May 2024). "Field Museum has a new fossil of an avian dinosaur, unveiled at an event Monday". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  15. ^ O’Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Wang, Xiaoli; Clark, Alexander; Kuo, Pei-Chen; Davila, Ryan; Wang, Yan; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhou, Zhonghe (5 December 2025). "A new small-bodied longipterygid (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Aptian Jiufotang Formation preserving unusual gastroliths". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/1589. Retrieved 15 December 2025 – via Palaeontologia Electronica.
  16. ^ O’Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Atterholt, Jessie; Clark, Alexander D.; Zhou, Linqi; Peng, Cuo; Zhang, Xiaoqin; You, Hailu (June 2025). "A new enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation with unusually short pubes". Geobios. 90: 123–131. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2024.11.003. Retrieved 16 December 2025 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  17. ^ Loewen, Mark A.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Sampson, Scott Donald; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Carpenter, Savhannah; Sisson, Brock; Øhlenschlæger, Anna; Farke, Andrew A.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Longrich, Nicholas R.; Evans, David Christopher (20 June 2024). "Lokiceratops rangiformis gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana reveals rapid regional radiations and extreme endemism within centrosaurine dinosaurs". PeerJ. 12 e17224. doi:10.7717/peerj.17224. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 11193970. PMID 38912046.
  18. ^ Clark, Alexander D.; Atterholt, Jessie; Scannella, John B.; Carroll, Nathan; O'Connor, Jingmai K. (9 October 2024). Pinheiro, Felipe Lima (ed.). "New enantiornithine diversity in the Hell Creek Formation and the functional morphology of the avisaurid tarsometatarsus". PLoS One. 19 (10) e0310686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310686. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 11463745. PMID 39383133.
  19. ^ Shen, Caizhi; Clark, Alexander D.; Fang, Hui; Chen, Shaokun; Jiang, Hongxia; Ji, Qiang; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen (28 December 2024). "A new diminutive species of bohaiornithid enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group, northern China". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 31363. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1431363S. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82869-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11682239. PMID 39732957.
  20. ^ a b O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Stidham, Thomas A.; Harris, Jerald D.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Bailleul, Alida M.; Hu, Han; Wang, Min; You, Hai-Lu (September 2022). "Avian skulls represent a diverse ornithuromorph fauna from the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation, Gansu Province, China". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 60 (5): 1172–1198. doi:10.1111/jse.12823. ISSN 1674-4918. Retrieved 5 February 2025 – via Wiley Online Library.
  21. ^ Clark, Alexander D.; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen (15 June 2021). "Exploring the Ecomorphology of Two Cretaceous Enantiornithines With Unique Pedal Morphology". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.654156. ISSN 2296-701X.
  22. ^ Wang, Min; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Zhou, Shuang; Zhou, Zhonghe (17 April 2020). "New toothed Early Cretaceous ornithuromorph bird reveals intraclade diversity in pattern of tooth loss". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (8): 631–645. Bibcode:2020JSPal..18..631W. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1682696. ISSN 1477-2019. Retrieved 3 February 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  23. ^ Bailleul, Alida M.; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Zhang, Shukang; Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Qiang; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Zhu, Xufeng; Zhou, Zhonghe (20 March 2019). "An Early Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) preserving an unlaid egg and probable medullary bone". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1275. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09259-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6426974.
  24. ^ Wang, Min; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Xu, Xing; Zhou, Zhonghe (8 May 2019). "A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs". Nature. 569 (7755): 256–259. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1137-z. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
  25. ^ Atterholt, Jessie; Hutchison, J. Howard; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen (13 November 2018). "The most complete enantiornithine from North America and a phylogenetic analysis of the Avisauridae". PeerJ. 6 e5910. doi:10.7717/peerj.5910. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6238772. PMID 30479894.
  26. ^ Hu, Han; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen (2 November 2017). "First species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang elucidates skeletal development in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 15 (11): 909–926. Bibcode:2017JSPal..15..909H. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1246111. ISSN 1477-2019. Retrieved 1 February 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  27. ^ Wang, Min; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Pan, Yanhong; Zhou, Zhonghe (31 January 2017). "A bizarre Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird with unique crural feathers and an ornithuromorph plough-shaped pygostyle". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 14141. doi:10.1038/ncomms14141. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5290326.
  28. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Wang, Min; Hu, Han (1 November 2016). "A new ornithuromorph (Aves) with an elongate rostrum from the Jehol Biota, and the early evolution of rostralization in birds". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 939–948. Bibcode:2016JSPal..14..939O. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1129518. ISSN 1477-2019. Retrieved 1 February 2025 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  29. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Li, Da-Qing; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Wang, Min; Harris, Jerald D.; Atterholt, Jessie; You, Hai-Lu (2 January 2016). "A new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves, Ornithothoraces) from northwestern China with elaborate tail ornamentation". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (1) e1054035. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E4035O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1054035. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 2 January 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  30. ^ Wang, Yan; Wang, Min; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhang, Xiaomei (11 January 2016). "A new Jehol enantiornithine bird with three-dimensional preservation and ovarian follicles". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2) e1054496. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E4496W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1054496. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 4 January 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  31. ^ Xu, Xing; Zheng, Xiaoting; Sullivan, Corwin; Wang, Xiaoli; Xing, Lida; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Xiaomei; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Zhang, Fucheng; Pan, Yanhong (29 April 2015). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings". Nature. 521 (7550): 70–73. Bibcode:2015Natur.521...70X. doi:10.1038/nature14423. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25924069. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  32. ^ Wang, Min; Zheng, Xiaoting; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Wang, Xiaoli; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhou, Zhonghe (5 May 2015). "The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 6987. doi:10.1038/ncomms7987. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5426517.
  33. ^ Wang, Xiaoli; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Zheng, Xiaoting; Wang, Min; Hu, Han; Zhou, Zhonghe (18 October 2014). "Insights into the evolution of rachis dominated tail feathers from a new basal enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces): Eopengornis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (3): 805–819. doi:10.1111/bij.12313. Retrieved 6 February 2025 – via Oxford Academic.
  34. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Averianov, Alexander O.; Zelenkov, Nikita V. (16 April 2014). "A confuciusornithiform (Aves, Pygostylia)-like tarsometatarsus from the Early Cretaceous of Siberia and a discussion of the evolution of avian hind limb musculature". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (3): 647–656. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.828734. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 8 February 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  35. ^ Zheng, Xiao-Ting; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Wang, Xiao-Li; Zhang, Xiao-Mei; Wang, Yen (April 2014). "New information on Hongshanornithidae (Aves: Ornithuromorpha) from a new subadult specimen". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 52 (2): 217–232. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  36. ^ Zhou, Shuang; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Wang, Min (29 October 2014). "A new species from an ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) dominated locality of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin. 59 (36): 5366–5378. doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0669-8. ISSN 1001-6538. Retrieved 14 February 2025 – via Springer Nature Link.
  37. ^ a b c Wang, Ya-Ming; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Li, Da-Qing; You, Hai-Lu (11 October 2013). Farke, Andrew A. (ed.). "Previously Unrecognized Ornithuromorph Bird Diversity in the Early Cretaceous Changma Basin, Gansu Province, Northwestern China". PLOS ONE. 8 (10) e77693. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077693. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3795672. PMID 24147058.
  38. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Zhang, Yuguang; Chiappe, Luis M.; Meng, Qingjin; Quanguo, Li; Di, Liu (8 January 2013). "A new enantiornithine from the Yixian Formation with the first recognized avian enamel specialization". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33....1O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.719176. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 2 February 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  39. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Sun, Chengkai; Xu, Xing; Wang, Xiaolin; Zhou, Zhonghe (February 2012). "A new species of Jeholornis with complete caudal integument". Historical Biology. 24 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1080/08912963.2011.552720. ISSN 0891-2963. Retrieved 6 February 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  40. ^ Ji, Shu-An; Atterholt, Jessie; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Harris, Jerald D.; Li, Da-Qing; You, Hai-Lu; Dodson, Peter (20 April 2011). "A new, three-dimensionally preserved enantiornithine bird (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from Gansu Province, north-western China: NEW ENANTIORNITHIAN FROM GANSU". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162 (1): 201–219. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00671.x. Retrieved 6 February 2025 – via Oxford Academic.
  41. ^ Wang, Xuri; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhao, Bo; Chiappe, Luis M.; Gao, Chunling; Cheng, Xiaodong (22 March 2010). "New Species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in Northern Hebei, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 84 (2): 247–256. Bibcode:2010AcGlS..84..247W. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00156.x. ISSN 1000-9515. Retrieved 2 February 2025 – via Wiley Online Library.
  42. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Gao, Ke-Qin; Chiappe, Luis María (24 March 2010). "A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1080/02724631003617498. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 5 February 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  43. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Wang, Xuri; Chiappe, Luis María; Gao, Chunling; Meng, Qingjin; Cheng, Xiaodong; Liu, Jinyuan (12 March 2009). "Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 188–204. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..188O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 3 January 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  44. ^ Gao, Chunling; Chiappe, Luis María; Meng, Qinjing; O'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen; Wang, Xuri; Cheng, Xiaodong; Liu, Jinyuan (15 July 2008). "A NEW BASAL LINEAGE OF EARLY CRETACEOUS BIRDS FROM CHINA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE AVIAN TAIL". Palaeontology. 51 (4): 775–791. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00793.x. ISSN 0031-0239. Retrieved 25 February 2025 – via Wiley Online Library.
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