Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations

Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations

Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Indonesia, Port MoresbyEmbassy of Papua New Guinea, Jakarta
Envoy
Ambassador Okto Dorinus ManikAmbassador Simon Wallace Namis

Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations are foreign relations between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The relationship between the two countries has existed for a long time, even before Papua New Guinea's independence, when it was still under Australian control. The Indonesian and Australian governments collaborated to establish a boundary line for Indonesia and British New Guinea in the early 1970s.[1]

For Indonesia, Papua New Guinea is an important country, one of three countries sharing a land border with Indonesia. The two countries share an 820-kilometre (510 mi) border that has raised tensions and ongoing diplomatic issues over many decades.[2]

Indonesia is represented in Papua New Guinea with an embassy in Port Moresby[3] and a consulate in Vanimo,[4] while Papua New Guinea is represented in Indonesia with an embassy in Jakarta[5] and a consulate-general in Jayapura.[6] Both nations are members of APEC, Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations.

History

Indonesia was one of the first eight countries to recognize Papua New Guinea's independence on 16 September 1975.[7][8]

The Indonesian government began the decolonization process in West Papua, a former Dutch colony, in 1963, and international recognition was granted in 1969 following the Act of Free Choice, a controversial referendum, with a voter turnout less than the local population.[9] The Free Papua Movement (Indonesian: Organisasi Papua Merdeka/OPM) was founded in response, aiming to achieve independence from Indonesia. The movement began an armed struggle primarily against the Indonesian Army. The Indonesian government's crackdown on the rebellion in West Papua has led to extensive and ongoing border issues resulting in a prolonged refugee presence and constant movement between Papua and Papua New Guinea.[10]

For Papua New Guinea, the conflict presents two stark choices: solidarity among fellow Melanesian tribes or maintaining good relations with Indonesia, its closest neighbor across the border. Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Michael Somare first visit to Indonesia in 1977 focused on security and economic cooperation, and a desire to establish a joint defense communique.[11][12] In 1979, President Suharto visited Papua New Guinea for the first time to finalize the points of a defense agreement. He successfully convinced Papua New Guineans to strengthen cooperation for shared prosperity.[13] The massive Indonesian military offensive in Papua, Operation Jayapura, weakened the OPM movement, causing many to flee to the Papua New Guinea border. The Papua New Guinean military culminated in the capture of OPM leaders Jacob Prai and John Ondawame, who took refuge in PNG.[14][15]

Entering the 1980s, the OPM movement weakened following Indonesia's massive military operation in Jayapura and also due to internal strife within the OPM leadership.[16] According to Kopkamtib (Indonesia's special military intelligence agency), remnants of the OPM movement remained and were hiding around the border with PNG.[17] The Indonesian military launched a new military operation, Operation Clean Sweap (Operasi Sapu Bersih), to hunt down OPM movements on the PNG border.[18]

In a press statement, Papua New Guinea's Foreign Minister, Rabbie Namaliu, protested the Indonesian military's border violations, which triggered a mass exodus of West Papuans to Papua New Guinea.[19] The two governments agreed to resolve the border crisis by updating the 1979 security agreement with a more comprehensive and comprehensive agreement covering refugees, borders, defense and security, and respect for the territorial integrity of both regions. The agreement is called the (Treaty of Mutual Respect, Cooperation and Friendship) which was signed on October 27, 1986.[20] In the agreement, both countries agreed to "avoid, reduce and limit disputes or conflicts between their countries and respect the territorial integrity of both countries and resolve any differences that may arise only by peaceful means".[2][21] In 1990, the two countries agreed to establish joint border cooperation which includes joint border patrols and a joint security consultation forum.[22]

Bilateral Relations

Trade

Trade between the two countries amounted to US$ 256 million in 2018, with the trade balance being strongly favourable to Indonesia.[23] A preferential trade agreement between the two countries have been considered.[24] Vanilla is one commodity exported from PNG to Indonesia,[25] with vanilla trading firm Aust & Hachmann estimating that 50 percent of PNG's vanilla production was traded across the border in 2023.[26] The main Indonesian exports to PNG are food products such as instant noodles and cooking oil, along with electronics, soaps, fertilizers, and metals.[27][28] The first Indonesia–Papua New Guinea Business Forum was held in 2023, attended by president Joko Widodo and PM James Marape.[29]

Refugees

See also: 1984 West Papuan refugee crisis

Due to conflict adjacent to the border between the two countries, refugees have crossed the border regularly.[30][31] The largest amount of refugees originated in 1984, with over 10,000 Papuans from the Indonesian side crossing the border.[32] The main issue of refugees is from conflict between Indonesian national security forces, and various groups of disaffected groups in West Papua seeking refuge in the Papua New Guinea territory.[33] After the fall of Suharto, in some cases some refugees were repatriated back to Indonesia.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ "In office - Gough Whitlam - Australia's PMs - Australia's Prime Ministers". Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Indonesia - Papua New Guinea".
  3. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  4. ^ "Consulate of the Republic of Indonesia in Vanimo, Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  5. ^ "Kundu Jakarta". Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  6. ^ "Kundu Jayapura". Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  7. ^ Guidelines of the Foreign Policy of Papua New Guinea: Universalism. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Papua New Guinea. 1976. p. 55.
  8. ^ Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Vol. 48. Australian Government Pub. Service. 1977. p. 192.
  9. ^ "The Struggle for Self-determination in West Papua (1969-present)". International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  10. ^ Chauvel, Richard Refuge, displacement and dispossession: responses to Indonesian rule and conflict in Papua RSC Working Paper No. 42 Dynamics of Conflict and Displacement in Papua, Indonesia A collection of papers developed in conjunction with a one-day workshop held on 26 October 2006 at St. Antony's College, Oxford Edited by Eva-Lotta E. Hedman September 2007.
  11. ^ "Somare: Peking ready for ties with -Jakarta". New Straits Times. 15 January 1977. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  12. ^ "Indonesia-Papua Nugini Keluarkan Komunike Bersama". soehartolibrary.id. 13 January 1977. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  13. ^ "Accord to prevent rebel raids". New Straits Times. 7 June 1979. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  14. ^ "Top rebel leader arrested". New Straits Times. 28 September 1978. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  15. ^ "Wawancara dengan menlu mochtar". Data.tempo.com. 30 December 1978. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  16. ^ Osborne 1985, pp. 63–65.
  17. ^ Rahab, Amiruddin (27 May 2006). Operasi-Operasi Militer di Papua (in Indonesian). BRIN ejournal. p. 13.
  18. ^ "15 Operasi Militer Indonesia di Papua antara 1963 – 2004". suarapapua.com. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  19. ^ "Namaliu: We've every right". New Straits Times. 19 October 1984. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  20. ^ "PNG, Indonesia make headway in treaty talks". New Straits Times. 29 May 1986. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  21. ^ "Mutual respect, friendship and co-operation" The Indonesia-Papua New Guinea Border and its effects on relations between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia". tandfonline.com. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  22. ^ "PNG and Indonesia sign pact on border security". New Straits Times. 13 April 1990. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  23. ^ "Demand for Indonesian goods high: Diplomat". Post-Courier. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  24. ^ "Indonesia Jajaki Perjanjian PTA dengan Papua Nugini dan Fiji". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). 21 March 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  25. ^ "Indonesia and PNG discuss border issues". RNZ. 6 August 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  26. ^ "Fifty per cent of PNG vanilla still making its way into Indonesia, says global buyer". Papua New Guinea Post-Courier. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  27. ^ "Bea Cukai: Ekspor ke Papua Nugini via PLBN Skouw dominasi makanan". Antara News Papua (in Indonesian). 13 January 2025. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  28. ^ "Indonesia Paling Banyak Ekspor Sabun ke Papua New Guinea pada 2023". katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). 11 April 2025. Retrieved 28 August 2025.
  29. ^ "Jokowi talks trade, investments on PNG trip - The Jakarta Post". The Jakarta Post. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  30. ^ "Dynamics of conflict and displacement in Papua, Indonesia - Indonesia".
  31. ^ Glazebrook, Diana. 2004. "'If I stay here there is nothing yet if I return I do not know whether I will be safe': West Papuan refugee responses to Papua New Guinea Asylum Policy 1998–2003", Journal of Refugee Studies 17(2): 205–221.
  32. ^ Chandler, Jo (30 November 2019). "Refugees on their own land: the West Papuans in limbo in Papua New Guinea". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  33. ^ Kirsch, Stuart. 1996. "Refugees and Representation: Politics, Critical Discourse, and Ethnography along the New Guinea Border", in Michael Morgan and Susan Leggett (eds.) "Mainstream(s) and Margins: Cultural Politics in the 1990s", 222–236. Contributions in Political Science, Number 367. Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press.
  34. ^ "708 WNI di Papua New Guinea Akan Segera Dipulangkan". Tempo.com. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2025.

Further reading

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