Hauxwell's thrush

Hauxwell's thrush
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Turdidae
Genus: Turdus
Species:
T. hauxwelli
Binomial name
Turdus hauxwelli
Lawrence, 1869

Hauxwell's thrush (Turdus hauxwelli) is a species of bird in the family Turdidae.[2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Venezuela.[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

Hauxwell's thrush was originally described in 1869 with its current binomial Turdus hauxwelli.[4] Since then it has had a complicated taxonomic history. During the twentieth century it has been considered by different authors to be a subspecies of the cocoa thrush (T. fumigatus) or the pale-vented thrush (T. obsoletus). By late in the century it had regained its status as a full species. Genetic data published in the early 2000s show that Hauxwell's thrush and the cocoa thrush are sister species and that the pale-vented thrush is not closely related to either of them.[5]

Hauxwell's thrush is monotypic.[2]

Description

Hauxwell's thrush is 20[6] to 23[7] cm (7.9 to 9.1 in) long and weighs about 69 g (2.4 oz).[7] The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a rufous-brown head with a dark-streaked whitish throat. Their upperparts, wings, and tail are rich rufous-brown with their rump being somewhat more rufous. Their breast is medium brown, their belly whitish, and their vent area whitish with brown feather tips. They have a dark iris, a brownish gray bill, and brownish gray legs and feet.[7]

Distribution and habitat

Hauxwell's thrush is a bird of the upper Amazon Basin. It is found from the eastern half of Colombia south through eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru into northern Bolivia.[7] From there its range extends into western Brazil to an arc roughly defined by northern Amazonas, west-central Pará, and northern Mato Grosso do Sul.[6] It possibly also occurs in far southwestern Venezuela but has not been confirmed there.[8][3] The species inhabits humid forest, especially várzea and stands on river islands and riverbanks. It also occurs in terra firme forest.[7] In elevation it reaches 500 m (1,600 ft) in Colombia, 300 m (1,000 ft) in Ecuador, 800 m (2,600 ft) but locally to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Peru, and 800 m (2,600 ft) in Brazil.[9][10][11][6]

Behavior

Movement

Hauxwell's thrush is a year-round resident.[1]

Feeding

Hauxwell's thrush feeds on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. It forages mostly in trees but also on the ground.[7]

Breeding

Two nests of Hauxwell's thrush are known, both in Brazil. One found in March had two eggs and the other, found in August, had one egg. Both were in palms. The first was described as a fairly deep cup made from grass and mud lined with finer grasses. Its eggs were pale greenish blue with small reddish brown blotches on one end. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[7]

Vocalization

The song of Hauxwell's thrush is described as "a leisurely series of simple but melodic phrases that can continue for protracted periods". It sometimes mimics the songs of other species. Its calls include "an ascending drreee? and a querulous upslurred kweeeow?".[10]

Status

The IUCN has assessed Hauxwell's thrush as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered "local and furtive" in Colombia, "scarce" in Ecuador, "uncommon but widespread" in Peru, and "frequent to uncommon" in Brazil.[9][10][11][6]

References

  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Hauxwell's Thrush Turdus hauxwelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T103888313A132201880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103888313A132201880.en. Retrieved 25 February 2026.
  2. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (March 2025). "Thrushes". IOC World Bird List. v 15.1. Retrieved 25 January 2026.
  3. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, D. F. Lane, L, N. Naka, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 29 November 2025. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 30, 2025
  4. ^ Lawrence, George N. (1870). "Characters of some New South American Birds, with Notes on other rare or little known Species". Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 9: 265–266. Retrieved February 25, 2026. Lawrence read his paper on May 31, 1869.
  5. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, D. F. Lane, L, N. Naka, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 29 November 2025. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 30, 2025
  6. ^ a b c d van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 350–351. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Collar, N. (2020). Hauxwell's Thrush (Turdus hauxwelli), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.hauthr1.01 retrieved February 25, 2026
  8. ^ Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 714.
  9. ^ a b McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
  10. ^ a b c Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
  11. ^ a b Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0691130231.
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