Goguryeo restoration movement

The Goguryeo restoration movement of 668–673 was Korean armed resistance against the Tang dynasty in an attempt to restore the Kingdom of Goguryeo,[1] which had been disestablished by the Silla-Tang alliance in the Goguryeo–Tang War of 668.

History

After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, the Goguryeo general Geom Mojam initiated a restoration movement in the Taedong River basin. After killing several Tang officials, he entered Silla territory. On his journey, Geom encountered Ansŭng, the grandson of King Bojang of Goguryeo. In 670, Geom installed Ansŭng as king, establishing his capital in present-day Chaeryong in an attempt to rebuild Goguryeo.[2]

This new Goguryeo regime was greatly assisted by King Munmu of Silla. However, internal strife over how to respond to the Tang army led to Ansŭng's assassination of Geom in 670. In 671 the Tang general Gao Kan suppressed the resistance forces in Liaodong. In the next year, Gao's troops marched south to Pyongyang, conquered two rebel fortress, and defeated the Goguryeo-Silla alliance. Finally all resistance forces based on the former Goguryeo territory were pacified in 673.[1]

Later movements

After the failure of Ansŭng and Geom's resistance movement, the remnants and descendents of Goguryeo made various efforts to revive it.

Bodeok

After Ansŭng assasinated Geom, he surrendered to King Munmu, who gave him the title "King of Bodeok" in 674. Throughout the Silla-Tang War and during the initial Goguryeo restoration movement, King Munmu of Silla had built a coalition of Baekje, Goguryeo and Sillan soldiers utilized them against the Tang army. The Sillan army engaged Tang forces in combat to eject them from the Korean Peninsula south of the Taedong River and prevent any Tang attempts to control Silla, while Tang held control over former Goguryeo territory north of the Taedong River.[3] The Sillan army at the Battle of Maeso was composed of Sillan soldiers, former prisoners issued amnesty in exchange for participating in the battle, as well as refugees from Goguryeo and Baekje.[4]

Though the Kingdom of Bodeok was initially a stronghold for remnants of the Goguryeo population, in 684 Bodeok was abolished by Silla after the Goguryeo immigrants attempted a rebellion.[5] Ansŭng was made to reside in the Silla capital of Gyeongju, where he was granted the official title of sop'an (소판; 蘇判), bestowed with the royal Sillan clan name of Kim (金), and given a generous piece of land and magnificent dwelling. The Kingdom of Bodeok came to an end and the remnant Goguryeo populace there was repopulated in various locales in the south.

Parhae

Main article: Battle of Tianmenling

Following the fall of Goguryeo, Dae Jo-yeong, along with his father Dae Jung-sang, gathered Goguryeo refugees in Yingzhou. He had to eventually flee from the Tang, and then united with the tribes of the Sumo Mohe located near the Songhua river.[6] Historical sources give different accounts of Dae Joyeong's ethnicity and background.[7][8][9] Both the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang describe Dae Joyeong as Mohe but differ on his relationship to Goguryeo. The Old Book describes him as gaoli biezhong, which has been translated as "branch of Koguryŏ people" or "separate kind" of Goguryeo people among many different translations. The New Book describes the state of Parhae and its ruling Dae clan as Mohe people who had submitted or attached themselves to Goguryeo.[10][11] The Samguk yusa, a 13th-century collection of Korean history and legends, describes Dae as a Sumo Mohe leader. However, it gives another account of Dae being a former Goguryeo general, citing a now-lost Sillan record. Historian Richard McBride states that Dae was most likely an "ethnic Malgal/Mohe fully assimilated to Goguryeo culture, and thus able to rally support from both the remaining Goguryeo nobles and Malgal tribespeople."[11]

Dae Jung-sang and Dae Joyeong allied themselves with Baishan Mohe leader Geolsa Biu, and won the Battle of Tianmenling. Though Jung-sang and Geolsa Biu were killed, Dae Joyeong went on to establish Parhae. The origins, legacy and history of Parhae are a historiographical dispute between Korea, China and Russia. Chinese and Russian historians claim that the rulers of Parhae were Mohe tribespeople, while Korean and Japanese historians claim that Parhae was the successor state to Goguryeo, and was founded by remnant Goguryeo military nobles who dominated a commoner class of Mohe peoples.[12]

T'aebong and Goryeo

Main article: Kung Ye
Main article: Taejo of Goryeo

Following Silla's unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 676 AD, its government pursued a national policy of integrating Baekje and Goguryeo refugees called the "Unification of the Samhan" with mixed results.[13] Silla's rigid class structure as well as discrimination towards Baekje and Goguryeo peoples meant that they retained their respective collective consciousnesses and maintained a deep-seated resentment and hostility toward Silla.[14] By the late 9th century, Silla fell into chaos as the central government collapsed and regional warlords arose. The military officer Kyŏn Hwŏn revived Baekje in 892 with the descendants of the Baekje refugees, and the Buddhist monk Kung Ye revived Goguryeo in 901 with the descendants of the Goguryeo refugees; these states together with Later Silla form the Later Three Kingdoms[15][16] Later Goguryeo's initial name when it was founded was Goryeo, as old Goguryeo had shortened its name to Goryeo in the mid-5th century. Later Goguryeo originated in the northern regions of Later Silla, which, along with its capital located in modern-day Kaesong, North Korea, were the strongholds of the Goguryeo refugees.[17][18] Among the Goguryeo refugees was Wang Kŏn,[19] a member of a prominent maritime hojok based in Kaesong, who traced his ancestry to a great clan of Goguryeo.[20][21][22]

Kung Ye showed signs of insanity and paranoia: he moved the capital, changed his country's name multiple times, changed his era name multiple times, and executed numerous subordinates and family members. In 918, Kung Ye was deposed by his own generals, and Wang Kŏn was raised to the throne. Wang Kŏn, who would posthumously be known by his temple name of Taejo or "Grand Progenitor", changed the name of his kingdom back to "Goryeo", adopted the era name of "Heaven's Mandate", and moved the capital back to his home of Kaesong. Goryeo regarded itself as the successor to Goguryeo and laid claim to Manchuria as its rightful legacy.[23] One of Taejo's first decrees was to repopulate and defend the ancient Goguryeo capital of Pyongyang, which had been in ruins for a long time; afterward, he renamed it the "Western Capital", and before he died, he placed great importance on it in his Ten Injunctions to his descendants.[24][25]

Goryeo would go on to defeat both Later Silla and Later Baekje in 935 and 936 respectively. Following Balhae's destruction in 926, the Parhae people had resisted the Liao Dynasty. In 937, AD, the last crown prince of Balhae, Tae Kwanghyŏn and much of its ruling class, sought refuge in Goryeo, where they were warmly welcomed and given land by Taejo. In addition, Taejo included the Balhae crown prince in the Goryeo royal family, unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo and, according to Korean historians, achieving a "true national unification" of Korea.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b 이, 정빈(충북대 교수), "고구려 부흥운동 (高句麗 復興運動)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2026-03-12
  2. ^ 정, 원주, "검모잠 (劍牟岑)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2026-03-11
  3. ^ Encyclopedia of World History, Vol II, P371 Silla Dynasty, Edited by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, Mark F. Whitters, ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4
  4. ^ rla, 형 (October 9, 2018). "아버지의 외면, 승전으로 갚았지만". 사사인. Retrieved 22 January 2026.
  5. ^ 노, 태돈(서울대학교, 한국사), "안승 (安勝)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2026-03-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ McBride, Richard (2024). The Three Kingdoms of Korea: Lost Civilizations. London, England: Reaktion Books. p. 138.
  7. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2006). "Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un-Tungusic ?". In Juha Janhunenn; Alessandra Pozzi; Michael Weiers (eds.). Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Festschrift for Giovanni Stary's 60th birthday. Harrassowitz. pp. 255–266.
  8. ^ Richard, Zgusta (2015). The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-30043-9.
  9. ^ Tsiporuha Mikhail Isaakovich (2017). "История тунгусских племен мохэ и государства Бохай" [The history of Mohé and Bohai Tungusic tribes]. Покорение Сибири. От Ермака до Беринга. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  10. ^ Sloane 2014a, p. 12.
  11. ^ a b McBride, Richard (2024). The Three Kingdoms of Korea: Lost Civilizations. London, England: Reaktion Books. p. 137.
  12. ^ McBride, Richard (2024). The Three Kingdoms of Korea: Lost Civilizations. London, England: Reaktion Books. p. 136.
  13. ^ 이기환 (30 August 2017). [이기환의 흔적의 역사]국호논쟁의 전말...대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  14. ^ Ro, Myoungho (2009). The State and Four Streams of Group Consciousness in the Koryŏ Dynasty. Seoul: Seoul National University Press. p. 47-53. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  15. ^ Ro, Myoungho (2009). The State and Four Streams of Group Consciousness in the Koryŏ Dynasty. Seoul: Seoul National University Press. p. 47-53. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  16. ^ 박한설. 후삼국시대(後三國時代). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  17. ^ 이상각 (2014). "후삼국 시대의 개막". 고려사 – 열정과 자존의 오백년 (in Korean). 들녘. ISBN 979-11-5925-024-8. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  18. ^ "(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴". 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  19. ^ 장덕호 (1 March 2015). 한반도 중심에 터 닦으니 화합·통합의 새시대 '활짝'. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  20. ^ 박종기 (2015). "고려 왕실의 뿌리 찾기". 고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다 (in Korean). 휴머니스트. ISBN 978-89-5862-902-3. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  21. ^ 고려도경. 한국사 연대기 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  22. ^ Ro, Myoungho (2009). The State and Four Streams of Group Consciousness in the Koryŏ Dynasty. Seoul: Seoul National University Press. p. 47-53. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  23. ^ Ro, Myoungho (2009). The State and Four Streams of Group Consciousness in the Koryŏ Dynasty. Seoul: Seoul National University Press. p. 72-83. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  24. ^ 북진 정책과 영토 확장. 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  25. ^ 이병도. 훈요십조(訓要十條). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  26. ^ Lee, Yi Baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 103. Retrieved 15 March 2026.

Bibliography

  • Sloane, Jesse D. (2014a), Parhae in Historiography and Archaeology: International Debate and Prospects for Resolution
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