Girsu

Girsu
Girsu
Shown within Iraq
Alternative nameTell Telloh
LocationDhi Qar Province, Iraq
RegionSumer
Coordinates31°33′43.3″N 46°10′39.3″E / 31.562028°N 46.177583°E / 31.562028; 46.177583
TypeSettlement
History
PeriodsUbaid, Uruk, Early Dynastic, Akkadian Empire, Lagash II, Ur III, Isin-Larsa, Hellenistic
Site notes
Excavation dates1877-1900, 1903-1909, 1929–1933, 2016-Present
ArchaeologistsErnest de Sarzec, Gaston Cros, Henri de Genouillac, André Parrot, Sébastien Rey

Girsu (Sumerian Ĝirsu. cuneiform ĝir2-suki 𒄈𒋢𒆠) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated some 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Lagash, at the site of what is now Tell Telloh in Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. Because of the initial nasal velar ŋ, the transcription of Ĝirsu is sometimes spelled as Ngirsu (also: G̃irsu, Girsu, Jirsu). As the religious center of the kingdom of Lagash, it contained significant temples to the god Ningirsu (E-ninnu) and his wife Bau and hosted multi-day festivals in their honor.[1][2]

History

The city lay on a branch of the ancient Iturungal canal, the southern of two major east west canals in Mesopotamia, that also runs to Niĝin and then to Gu'abba.[4][5]

"Two effluents took off from the left bank of the Iturungal, the Id-Ninaki-gen-a, which over Bzeikh (Zabalam) flowed to Telloh (Girsu), al Hibba (Uru-ku, Lagas?), and Surghul (Nina) ..."[6]

Radiocarbon dating indicates that the canals running in and through Girsu date back to at least the Early Dynastic I period and went out of use after the Isin-Larsa period (2000–1800 BC).[7]

Girsu was inhabited in the Ubaid 4 (4900-4500 BC) and also the Uruk period (4200-3200 BC), with beveled rim bowls, the diagnostic pottery of that period being found.[8] Significant levels of activity began in the Early Dynastic period (2900-2335 BC). After a brief hiatus occupation resumed in the Early Dynastic I period, continuing during the Akkadian Empire. After the decline of that empire local control of the Girsu/Lagash area was asserted under the Second Dynasty of Lagash.[9] At the time of Gudea, during the Second Dynasty of Lagash, Girsu became the capital of the Lagash kingdom and continued to be its religious center after political power had shifted to the city of Lagash.[10] During the Ur III period, Girsu was a major administrative center for the empire. During the Old Babylonian period Rim-Sîn II, ruler of Larsa c. 1742 BC to 1739 BC (MC), led a rebellion by a number of southern cities against the First Dynasty of Babylon which at that time was led by Samsu-iluna[11] The rebellious cities included Girsu.[12] First Sealand dynasty, c. 1796–1524 BC (MC), pottery has been found at Girsu.[13] Girsu was then abandoned aropund 1600 BC until occupation resumed in the Hellenistic period Parthian periods before ending around 200 BC. A 4th century BC bilingual Greek/Aramaic inscription was found there.[14]

A few ruler year names mention Girsu, Pirig-me of Lagash II "Year the royal measuring rope of the fields kept in Girsu was brought out", Ur III ruler Shulgi "Year the Ehalbi, (the palace) of the king, was built (in Girsu)", and Larsa ruler Gungunum "Year the canal of Girsu (called) 'Baba is abundance' was dug".[15]

Archaeology

The site consists of two main mounds, one rising 50 feet above the plain and the other 56 feet. Analysis of 1968 CORONOA satelite images indicated the site has an area of about 130 hectares. A number of small mounds dot the site. The mounds are designated Tell A through Tell Y with most of them having little or no archaeological significance. The notable mounds are[18]

  • Tell A - Mound of the Palace. Topped by the palace of an obscure Hellenistic period (alternately Aramaic Period) ruler Adad-Nadin-Akhe based on the inscribed Adadnadinakhe bricks. The palace included a number of reused early inscribed diorite statues of Gudea.[19] Modern excavations revealed under it a temple precinct including the E-ninnu temple of Ningirsu[20]
  • Tell B - Early Dynastic buildings and tablets
  • Tell K - Maison des Fruits, a 10.5 meter by 7.30 meter temple built by Early Dynastic ruler Ur-Nanshe. It was built atop an unidentified earlier construction sealed by a 70 centimeter clay layer which the excavators named the Construction Inférieure. A number of foundation tablets and two inscribed door sockets were found[21][22]
  • Tells L/M - near city wall, temple associated structures and cones
  • Tell P - Porte du Diable[23]
  • Tell V - Location of the temple of Ningešzida and the area of the site called Tablet Hill as many cuneiform tablets have been found there.[24]

Telloh was the first Sumerian site to be extensively excavated, at first under the French vice-consul at Basra, Ernest de Sarzec, in eleven campaigns between 1877 and 1900. Between excavation seasons the site was subject to extensive looking and an estimated 35 to 40 thousand cuneiform tablets entered the antiquities market.[25] He was followed by his successor Gaston Cros from 1903–1909. All finds were divided between the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul and the Louvre Museum in Paris,[26][27][28][29] Finds included an alabaster statue of a woman, with copper bracelets coated in gold and a fragment of a stone lion carved dish with a partial Sumerian inscription.[30][31] In 1879 the site was visited by Hormuzd Rassam.[32] Also found were two steatite statue portions (AO 00036 + Ist EŞEM 00438) with inscriptions by the Ur III ruler Shulgi dedicated to the local god Igalim.[33]

Excavations continued under Abbé Henri de Genouillac in 1929–1931 and under André Parrot in 1931–1933.[34][35][36] It was at Girsu that the fragments of the Stele of the Vultures were found. The site has suffered from poor excavation standards and also from illegal excavations. About 50,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.[37][38][39]

Excavations at Telloh resumed in 2016 as part of a training program for Iraqi archaeologists organized by the British Museum.[40][41] A foundation tablet and a number of inscribed building cones have been found. In the 5th season, in autumn 2019, work concentrated on the Mound of the Palace where E-ninnu, a temple to Ningirsu, had been found in earlier seasons.[42][43] In March 2020, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 5,000-year-old cultic area filled with more than 300 broken ceremonial ceramic cups, bowls, jars, animal sacrifices, and ritual processions dedicated to Ningirsu.[44][45] One of the remains was a duck-shaped bronze figurine with eyes made from bark which is thought to be dedicated to Nanshe. An Indus Valley weight was also found. In February 2023, archaeologists from British Museum and Getty Museum revealed the remains of the 4,500 year-old Sumerian Lord Palace of the Kings alongside more than 200 cuneiform tablets containing administrative records of Girsu. The E-ninnu temple (Temple of the White Thunderbird), the primary sanctuary of the Sumerian warrior god Ningirsu was also identified during the excavations.[46] In the 2024 season 200 cuneiform tablets (including school texts) and 60 clay sealings from the Akkadian empire period were found. Sealings include one which said "Naram-Sin, the mighty, god of Akkad, king of the four quarters (of the world): Lugal-ushumgal, the scribe, governor, your servant".[47] A number of the interpretations of the current excavators have been challenged.[48]

Along with archaeology the site is also being stabilized, required after the early excavations and looting, and prepared for tourism.[49]

In 2023, British Museum experts have suggested the possibility that a Hellenistic shrine at Girsu was founded by Alexander the Great, built atop the ruins of E-ninnu. According to the researchers, recent discoveries suggest that "this site honours Zeus and two divine sons. The sons are Heracles and Alexander."[50]

Anzagar

Referred to as Anzagar-Umma (An-za-gar3-Ummaki). An-za-gar3 translates to "fortified village" and there were a number of similar toponyms in the region, such as An-za-gar3-giškiri6-Zabalam4ki, An-za-gar3-a-šag4-La2-mah, An-za-gar3-Da-da, and An-za3-gar3-Nig2-ul-pa-e3. The 27th year name of Babylon ruler Sumulael was "Year the city walls of Kutha and Anzagar-urgi were built".[51] It is thought to have been on the eastern border of the Ur III Umma province border with the Girsu-Lagash province. It is known to have been on a canal (possibly the Udaga canal and/or Namhani canal) based on a text reading "during three days, floated the boats from Anzagar-Umma to Girsu, (and) towed the boats from Girsu to Garšana", In another shipping text merchanise from Garšana was towed up the Udaga canal to the junction with the Namhani canal at Anzagar and then floated down to Girsu on that canal.[52] In the Ur III period a transportation and messenger resthouse, é-kas4 An-za-gàr I7 Gir-suki, was established in Anzagar similar to those established in nearby Gu'abba and Kinunir.[53] Anzagar is known to have been a transit point on the route from Ur to Anshan.[54]

Anzagar lay near to Kesh, Diniktum and to Irisaĝrig. Tell al-Wilayah has been suggested as a location.[55] It held a temple of Ninegal and shrines or sanctuaries of Ninḫursaĝ, PAP.NAGAR, Nergal, Allātum, and Inanna.[56][57][58] It is known that there was a sacristy, for storing jewels etc, at the temple of Allatum at Anzagar.[59][60]

  • Ubaid IV pottery jars, ca. 4700–4200 BC. From Girsu, Louvre Museum.[61]
  • Uruk Period terracotta vase, ca. 3500–2900 BC. From Girsu, Louvre Museum AO14313.
  • Terracotta vase, ca. 3500–2900 BC. From Girsu, Louvre Museum AO14342
  • The Mace of Mesilim, c. 2550 BC. From Girsu, Louvre Museum AO2349.[62]
  • The Silver Vase of Enmetena, 2420–2400 BC. From Girsu, Louvre Museum AO2674.[63]
  • Depiction of the god Ningirsu in the Stele of the Vultures, 2450–2425 BC. From Girsu, Louvre Museum.[64]
  • The Feathered Figure, 2700–2600. From Girsu, Louvre Museum AO221.[65]
  • The Cylinders of Gudea. Musée du Louvre, MNB1512 and MNB1511.[66][67]
  • Statue of Gudea, Statue O. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, NCG 840
  • Archaeological remains of the Bridge of Girsu
  • Gudea brick with a stamped inscription commemorating the construction of the Temple of Ningirsu
  • Brick stamped in the name of Adadnadinakhe. Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne, Marseille
  • The Well of Eanatum
  • View of the Gate of Gudea (1988).[68]
  • The Gate of Gudea completely exposed (1895)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ [1]Jongsma-Greenfield, Tina, et al., "Sacred Space and Ritual Behaviour in Ancient Mesopotamia: A View from Tello/Girsu", Humans 4.3, pp. 239-263, 2024
  2. ^ Sébastien Rey, 'Divine Cults in the Sacred Precinct of Girsu', Near Eastern Archaeology; Chicago, vol. 84, iss. 2, pp. 130–139, June 2021
  3. ^ "Statue of Gudea, 59.2". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  4. ^ [2]Jacobsen, Thorkild, "A Survey of Girsu the (Telloh) Region", Sumer 25, pp. 103–09, 1969
  5. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen, "The Waters of Ur", Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, pp. 231-244, 1970
  6. ^ Steinkeller, Piotr, "New Light on the Hydrology and Topography of Southern Babylonia in the Third Millennium", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 22-84, 2001
  7. ^ [3]Egberts, Ella, et al. "Dating ancient canal systems using radiocarbon dating and archaeological evidence at Tello/Girsu, southern Mesopotamia, Iraq." Radiocarbon 65.4, pp. 979-1002, 2023
  8. ^ Potts, Daniel, "Bevel-Rim Bowls and Bakeries: Evidence and Explanations from Iran and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 61, pp. 1–23, 2009
  9. ^ [4]Maiocchi, Massimo, and Visicato Giuseppe, "Administration at Girsu in Gudea’s Time", Vol. 27. Edizioni Ca'Foscari, 2020
  10. ^ Edzard, Dietz Otto (1997). Gudea and his dynasty. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-7555-1. OCLC 809041550.
  11. ^ Jean-Jacques Glassner, Benjamin R. Foster, "Mesopotamian chronicles", Brill, Boston, 2005
  12. ^ Marine Béranger, "Dur-Abi-ešuh and the Abandonment of Nippur During the Late Old Babylonian Period: A Historical Survey", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 75, pp. 27-47, 2023
  13. ^ Al-Hamdani, A., "The Settlement and Canal Systems During the First Sealand Dynasty (1721–1340 BCE)", S. Paulus & T. Clayden (Ed.), Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, Berlin, pp. 28–57, 2020
  14. ^ Naveh J., "The Development of the Aramaic Script (Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 5/1)", Jerusalem, 1970
  15. ^ Girsu year names - CDLI
  16. ^ "Stele of the Vultures". Musée du Louvre.
  17. ^ "Clay nail of Gudea, 48.1457". The Walters Art Museum.
  18. ^ Rey, Sébastien, and Camille Lecompte, "Resurrecting Tello (ancient Girsu): the topographical layout of an Early Dynastic Sumerian city", New agendas in remote sensing and landscape archaeology in the Near East. Studies in Honour of Tony J. Wilkinson, pp. 213-227, 2020
  19. ^ [5]Wood, Rachel, and Rachel Wood, "After the Achaemenids: exchange, transmission and transformation in the visual culture of Babylonia, Iran and Bactria c. 330-c. 100 BC.", Dissertation, Oxford University, UK, 2012
  20. ^ Heimpel, Wolfgang, "The Gates of the Eninnu", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 48, pp. 17–29, 1996
  21. ^ [6]Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "The Early Dynastic “Maison des Fruits” at Tell K in Tello (Ĝirsu)", Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 391.1, pp. 191-225, 2024
  22. ^ Harriet Crawford, "The Construction Inférieure at Tello. A Reassessment", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 71–76, 1987
  23. ^ [7]Cros, Gaston, "Nouvelles fouilles de Tello, par le commandant Gaston Cros", Paris:Leroux, 1914
  24. ^ [8]Thomas, Ariane, and Laurent Colonna d'Istria, "Le temple de Ningešzida à Girsu", Akkadica: Revue Semestrielle de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin 2, pp. 105-148, 2019
  25. ^ Caubet, A., "The historical context of the Sumerian discoveries", Museum International 61, pp. 74–80, 2009
  26. ^ Sarzec, E. de, Arthur Amiaud LéonHeuzey, and François Thureau-Dangin, "Découvertes en Chaldée", Paris: E. Leroux, 1912
  27. ^ de Sarzec, E. (1892). "Deux tablettes archaïques de Tello". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale (in French). 2 (4): 146–149. JSTOR 23284262.
  28. ^ Cros, Gaston (1910). Nouvelles Fouilles de Tello (in French). Paris: Ernest Laroux.
  29. ^ Hilprecht, H.V. (1904). The Excavations in Assyria and Babylonia. Philadelphia, USA: A.J. Holman.
  30. ^ Thomas, Ariane (2016). "The faded splendour of Lagashite princesses: a restored statuette from Tello and the depiction of court women in the Neo-Sumerian kingdom of Lagash". Iraq. 78: 215–239. doi:10.1017/irq.2016.4.
  31. ^ Desset, F.; Marchesi, G.; Vidale, M.; Pignatti, J. (2016). "A sculpted dish from Tello made of a rare stone (Louvre–AO 153)" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 75 (1): 71–84. doi:10.1086/684811. hdl:11573/925127.
  32. ^ Verderame, Lorenzo, "Rassam’s Activity in Tello (1879) and the Earliest Acquisition of Neo-Sumerian Tablets in the British Museum", on the Third Dynasty of Ur. Studies in Honor of Marcel Sigrist. ed. by Piotr Michalowski, Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2008 (Journal of Cuneiform Studies supplemental series 1), 2008
  33. ^ Claudia E. Suter, "A Shulgi Statuette from Tello", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 43/45, pp. 63–70, (1991–1993)
  34. ^ [9]Abbé Henri de Genouillac, "Fouilles de Telloh I: Epoques présargo-niques", Paris, 1934
  35. ^ [10]Abbé Henri de Genouillac, "Fouilles de Telloh II: Epoques d'Ur III Dynastie et de Larsa, avec un appendice sur les fouilles de Médaïn", Paris, 1936
  36. ^ Parrot, André (1948). Tello: Vingt Campagnes de Fouilles (1877–1933) (in French). Paris: Albin Michel.
  37. ^ [11] Barton, George A, "Haverford Library Collection, Cuneiform Tablets, Documents From The Temple Archives Of Telloh, Part I", The John C Winston Company, Philadelphia PA, 1901
  38. ^ [12] Barton, George A, "Haverford Library Collection, Cuneiform Tablets, Documents From The Temple Archives Of Telloh, Part II", The John C Winston Company, Philadelphia PA, 1905
  39. ^ [13] Barton, George A, "Haverford Library Collection, Cuneiform Tablets, Documents From The Temple Archives Of Telloh, Part III", The John C Winston Company, Philadelphia PA, 1914
  40. ^ The Iraq Emergency Heritage Management Training Scheme: an update - British Museum
  41. ^ "Tello". The British Museum. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  42. ^ Rey, Sebastien, "Tello/Girsu: first results of the autumn 2019 archaeological season", Sumer Journal of Archaeology of Iraq, 66, 2020
  43. ^ Rey, Sébastien, "The Temple of Ningirsu: The Culture of the Sacred in Mesopotamia", Eisenbrauns, 2024 ISBN 978-1-64602-264-9
  44. ^ Weiss, Daniel (2020). "Temple of the White Thunderbird". Archaeology. January/February: 38–45.
  45. ^ "Ancient cultic area for warrior-god uncovered in Iraq". Live Science. 31 March 2020.
  46. ^ Thomas, Tobi (2023-02-17). "Discovery of 4,500-year-old palace in Iraq may hold key to ancient civilisation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  47. ^ Ancient Mesopotamian clay tablets discovered in Iraq reveal intricate details of how empire was governed - The Art Newspaper - 20 March 2025
  48. ^ Claudia E. Suter, "Review - The Temple of Ningirsu: The Culture of the Sacred in Mesopotamia by S. Rey", Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 394, pp. 241-243, 2025
  49. ^ In the Spotlight – the Girsu Project with Sébastien Rey - IAA - 23-02-2026
  50. ^ Simpson, Craig (18 November 2023). "Ancient Iraqis may have worshipped Alexander the Great, says British Museum". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 November 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  51. ^ Sumulael Year Names at CDLI
  52. ^ Molina, Manuel and Steinkeller, Piotr, "New Data on Garšana and the Border Zone between Umma and Girsu/Lagaš", The First Ninety Years: A Sumerian Celebration in Honor of Miguel Civil, edited by Lluís Feliu, Fumi Karahashi and Gonzalo Rubio, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 231-249, 2017
  53. ^ Heimpel, W, "Towards an Understanding of the Term Sikkum", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 5–31, 1994
  54. ^ Steinkeller, Piotr, "New Light on Šimaški and Its Rulers", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 215-232, 2007
  55. ^ Owen, D. I., "New Iri-Saĝrig Ration Distribution and Related Texts", in P. A. Avetsiyan [e. a.] (ed.), Over the Mountains and Far Away. Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology presented to Mirjo Sal, 2019
  56. ^ [14]Notizia, Palmiro, and Ammar M. al-Taee, "Sealed Bullae and Livestock Management at Irisaĝrig in the Early Old Babylonian Period", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 113.2, pp. 169-192, 2023
  57. ^ Steinkeller, Piotr. "Two Sargonic Seals from Urusagrig and the Question of Urusagrig’s Location", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2022
  58. ^ Owen, D., "Treasures of the Sacristy", RA 107, 29-42, 2013
  59. ^ Liu, Changyu, "An Edition of Twelve Ur III Administrative Cuneiform Tablets from United States Collections", Archiv orientální 87, pp. 33-57, 2019
  60. ^ Owen, D. I., "A New Iri-saĝrig “Sacristy” Inventory Text in the Lanier Theological Library, RA 113, pp. 39–44, 2019
  61. ^ "Terracotta vase, AO14281". Musée du Louvre.
  62. ^ "Mace of Mesilim, AO 2349". Musée du Louvre.
  63. ^ "Silver Vase of Enmetena, AO2674". Musée du Louvre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024.
  64. ^ "Stele of the Vultures". Musée du Louvre.
  65. ^ "Feathered Figure, AO221". Musée du Louvre.
  66. ^ "Gudea Cylinder A, MNB1512". Musée du Louvre.
  67. ^ "Gudea Cylinder B, MNB 1511". Musée du Louvre.
  68. ^ Sarzec, E. de; Heuzey, L. (1912). Découvertes en Chaldée (in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux. pp. Pl. 50 (2).

Further reading

  • Barrelet, Marie-Thérèse, "Une ‘Construction Enigmatique’ a Tello", Iraq, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 100–18, 1965
  • [15]Cauvin, Marie-Claire, "Tello et l'origine de la houe au Proche-Orient", Paléorient, vol. 5, pp. 193–206, 1979
  • Cros, Gaston, "Note rectificative: Sur le casque chaldéen de Tello: Lettre de M. le commandant Gaston Cros", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 88–89, 1906
  • de Vaumas, Etienne, "L’Ecoulement Des Eaux En Mesopotamie et La Provenance Des Eaux de Tello", Iraq, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 81–99, 1965
  • Dangin, François Thureau, "Notice sur la troisième collection de tablettes: Découverte par M. de Sarzec à Tello", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 67–102, 1902
  • Donbaz, Veysel, and Foster, Benjamin R., "Sargonic Texts from Telloh in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum", Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 5, Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1982 ISBN 9780934718448
  • [16] Chiera, Edward, "Selected temple accounts from Telloh, Yokha and Drehem", University of Pennsylvania, 1921
  • Egberts, E, Jotheri, J, Auzina, D, Michele, AD & Rey, S, "The waterscape of ancient Girsu: The geomorphology of a city channel", in Sumer and the sea. Deltas, shoreline, and urban water management in 3rd millennium Mesopotamia: Proceedings of the 1st ARWA International Research Workshop (Rome 2-4 June 2021, vol. 3, Aratta III Studies in archaeology & history, from Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, pp. 101-112, 2025
  • Benjamin R. Foster, "The Sargonic Victory Stele from Telloh", Iraq, Vol. 47, pp. 15–30, 1985
  • Foster, Benjamin R., "Sargonic Texts from Telloh in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums, Part 2", ISD LLC, 2018 ISBN 9781948488082
  • de Genoutllac, H., "Rapport sur les travaux de la mission de Tello: II campagne: II E Campagne : 1929—1930", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 169–86, 1930
  • Leon Heuzey, "Mission française de Chaldée: Reprise des fouilles de Tello", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 1904
  • [17]Huber, Eva-Maria, "Girsu-Texte der Akkade-Zeit im Louvre", 2022
  • Lambert, Maurice, "L’occupation Du Girsu Par Urlumma Roi d’Umma", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 81–84, 1965
  • Laurito, Romina, "Clay sealings from Telloh: new evidence from a 3rd millennium BC "corpus"", Pathways through Arslantepe. Essays in Honour of Marcella Frangipane, hrsg. v. Balossi Restelli, Francesca, 2020
  • Parrot, André, "Les fouilles de Tello et de Senkereh-Larsa: Campagne 1932-1933 (Rapport Préliminaire)", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 169–82, 1933
  • Parrot, André, "Fouilles de Tello: Campagne 1931-1932 (Rapport Préliminaire)", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 45–57, 1932
  • Sébastien Rey, "For the Gods of Girsu: City-State Formation in Ancient Sumer", Archaeopress Archaeology, 2016 ISBN 978-1784913892
  • Rey, Sébastien, and Fatma Husain, "Tello/Girsu: New Research on the Sacred City of the State of Lagash", Proceedings of the Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 183-194, 2022
  • Rey, Sébastien, et al., "Tello/Girsu: First Results of the Twenty-Second Archæological Season (Autumn 2016)", Sumer 65, pp. 111-131, 2019
  • Rey, Sebastien, "A Seleucid cult of Sumerian royal ancestors in Girsu", In Context: The Reade Festschrift. Edited by Irving Finkel and St John Simpson. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, pp. 56-81, 2020
  • [18]Thureau-Dangin, François, "Note sur la troisième collection de tablettes découvertes par M. de Sarzec à Telloh, lue à la séance du 10 janvier 1902", Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 46.1, pp. 77-94, 1902
  • [19]Witzig, Sophia, Les gouverneurs de Girsu/Lagas sous la IIIe dynastie d'Ur (2112-2002 AEC)", Dissertation, Université Lumière-Lyon II, 2023
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