George V of Georgia

George V the Brilliant
გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე
King of Kings of Georgia
Monument to George V in Akhaltsikhe.
King of Georgia
1st Reign1299–1302
PredecessorDavid VIII
SuccessorVakhtang III
2nd Reign1318–1346
PredecessorGeorge VI
SuccessorDavid IX
Born1286 (1286)
Died1346 (aged 59–60)
Burial
Gelati Monastery
IssueDavid IX
Soldane
DynastyBagrationi
FatherDemetrius II of Georgia
MotherNatela Jaqeli
ReligionGeorgian Orthodox Church
Khelrtva

George V the Brilliant (Georgian: გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე, romanized: giorgi V brts'q'invale; also translated as the Illustrious, or Magnificent; 1286–1346) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the king (mepe) of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1299 to 1302 and again from 1318 until his death in 1346.

King George V died in 1346. He occupies a distinguished place in Georgian history. Both Georgian and foreign historians of all periods have given high praise to his personality and reign. For his exceptional achievements and service to Georgia, the Georgian people bestowed upon him the epithet “the Brilliant.”

Title

The extant document attributed to Giorgi V only encompasses the final segment of his royal title, omitting the complete formulation. Mikheil Bakhtadze suggests that the full title of King George should have been "the king of Abkhazians, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and Armenians, Sharvansha and Shahansha, the unifier of Likht-Imer and LikhtAmer, the ruler of all the East and West." Bakhtadze also notes that the main difference between the title of King George V and previous rulers was an addition of "LikhtImer and Likht-Amer", as the unifier of both kingdoms. [2]

Reign

Early life

George was born to King Demetrius II of Georgia and his third wife, Natela Jaqeli, the daughter of Beka I Jaqeli, Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe. Demetrius was executed by the Mongols in 1289, and the little Prince George was carried and grew up in Samtskhe, at the court of his grandfather, Beka I Jaqeli.[3]

First reign (1299–1302)

In 1299, the Ilkhanid khan Ghazan installed him as a rival ruler to George's elder brother, the rebellious Georgian King David VIII. However, George's authority did not extend beyond the Mongol-protected capital Tbilisi, so George was referred to during this period as "The Shadow King of Tbilisi". In 1302, he was replaced by his brother, Vakhtang III. After the death of both his elder brothers – David and Vakhtang – George became a regent for David's son, George VI, who died underage in 1313, allowing George V to be crowned king for a second time. Having initially pledged his loyalty to the Il-khan Öljaitü, he began a program of reuniting the Georgian lands. In 1315, he led the Georgian auxiliaries to suppress an anti-Mongol revolt in Asia Minor.

Second reign (1318-1346)

From 1318, George V started his second reign. Until 1327, he ruled from Tiflis as Viceroy and ally of the Il-Khan Abu Sa'id, collaborating with the powerful Mongol minister Chupan.[4] In 1319 George V supported the Il-Khanate in helping crush the revolt of the Mongol commander Qurumushi, who was the military Governor of Georgia.[5] In 1320, he drove the marauding Alans out of the town Gori and forced them back to the Caucasus Mountains.[3]

Conflict with the Mongols

In 1327, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan investigated and executed his guardian and de facto governor of Qa'ena, Chupan, with his sons and supporters. The death of a powerful government hastened the further decline and disintegration of the Ilkhanate. The young and weak politician Abu Sa'id could not stop the decline of the state. In 1335, after his death, complete chaos began in the country, and in fact, Ilkhanate was divided into several neighboring states.

King George was on friendly terms with the influential Mongol prince Choban. George used Choban's death as a pretext to rebel against the already weakened Ilkhanate. He stopped paying tribute to the Mongols and expelled their army from the country. It was a long process that lasted from 1327 to 1335, through both peaceful diplomacy and the use of force. In the 30s and 40s of the 14th century, the Mongols organized several campaigns in order to restore their domination in Eastern Georgia,[4][6] albeit with no success.[7]

However, according to the numismatic evidence, Georges V may not have been that successful in asserting independence. Standard Il-Khanid coins continued to be minted in Tiflis until the 1350s, and no coins in the name of George V are known, suggesting continued effective control by the Mongols throughout the period.[8] It is suggested that George lost his capital Tiflis and most of Eastern Georgia, but managed to reunite the western part of the country under his rule.[4]

Unification of Georgia

From the moment he became king, one of the main concerns of the king was to restore the unity of Georgia. After the death of David Narin in Western Georgia, Constantine I's own brother, Michael, rebelled. The fight between the brothers sometimes ended with a short truce, and sometimes it continued. In 1327, Constantine died and Michael took the throne, but two years later he also died. Michael was left with a young son, Bagrat, who was not supported by the princes. George took advantage of this, contacted the nobles of Imereti, moved to Western Georgia in agreement with them and captured all the castles and cities. Bagrat was fortified in Kutaisi with a small number of supporters, but when George's army approached the city, Bagrat surrendered to the king, in exchange for which he received a promise of inviolability and the nobility of Shorapani.[9][10] In Kutaisi the Dadiani, Gurieli, Abkhazian and Svan nobles presented King George with great gifts and expressed their obedience. Then the king himself traveled to Mingrelia, Abkhazia and Guria and settled the affairs there.[9]

George V managed to incorporate Samtskhe peacefully. In 1334, when his uncle Sargis II Jaqeli, Prince of Samtskhe, died, the king came to Samtskhe and confirmed Sargis's son, Qvarqvare, as the Prince of Samtskhe. This fact meant the restoration of the king's supremacy on Samtskhe and its return to Georgia. With this act, George V essentially completed the process of reunification of Georgia.[10][9]

Domestic policy

Having restored the kingdom's unity, he focused now on cultural, social and economic projects. He changed the coins issued by Ghazan khan with the Georgian ones, called George's tetri. Between 1325 and 1338, he worked out two major law codes, one regulating the relations at the royal court and the other devised for the peace of a remote and disorderly mountainous district.[3]

Foreign policy

Under him, Georgia established close international commercial ties, mainly with the Byzantine Empire, but also with the great European maritime republics, Genoa and Venice. During his reign, Armenian lands, including Ani, were part of the Kingdom of Georgia.[3]

George V also extended diplomatic relations to the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt, achieving the restoration of several Georgian monasteries in Palestine to the Georgian Orthodox Church and gaining free passage for Georgian pilgrims to the Holy Land. According to Kldiashvili (1997), the introduction of the Jerusalem cross, taken as the inspiration for the modern national flag of Georgia in the 1990s, might date to the reign of George V.[11]

In the 1330s, George secured the southwestern province of Klarjeti against the advancing Osmanli tribesmen led by Orhan I. In 1341 he interfered in the power struggle in the neighbouring Empire of Trebizond and supported Anna Anachoutlou who ascended the throne with the help of the Laz, only to be put to death a year later. He also organized a successful campaign against Shirvan, a neighboring state of Georgia.[12]

George V had friendly relations with King Philip VI of France, as evidenced by the correspondence between them. George V wrote to the King of France that he was ready to participate with him in the liberation of the "Holy Lands" of Syria-Palestine, and had 30,000 soldiers. He wrote:[13]

Domini reges Franciae frequenter reges orientales commoverunt contra Saracenos, postea non venientes eos dimittebant in tribulatione guerrae ; sed dicatis sibi, quod, quando mare transiverit, statim me videbit ad suum beneplacitum cum XXX millibus armatorum.
“French kings often call on Eastern kings to fight against the Saracen (Muslims), but then usually fail to fulfill their promise and leave their allies on the battle field to face the enemy alone. Correspondingly, inform me when you intend to cross the sea and I along with my 30,000 soldiers will immediately meet you as you arrive.“ Letter from George V to Philip IV of France, 1332-33.[14]

Coinage and sovereignty

No formal coinage in the name of George V is known.[15] Only a few dubious examples, claimed by D. Kapanadze to belong to George V, were discovered in a 14th century hoard.[15]

During the reign of George V, including during the second part of his reign (1327–46), the Georgians had little control of the coinage being issued in Tiflis and Kakheti.[16] During this period, the main coinage of Georgian mints remained that of the Mongol Ilkhanate, mainly dirhams.[16]

Even after the death of the last Ilkhanid Emperor Abu Sa'id in 1335, when several Mongol clans vied for power and installed puppet rulers, the coinage minted in Eastern Georgia was still that of these puppet rulers. In Tbilisi, the following coins of Il-Khanate successors were minted: Arpa Khan (A.H. 736=1335/36), Muhammad Khan (A.H. 738=1337/38), Sati Beg Khatun (A.H. 739=1338/39), Suleyman Khan (A.H. 740=1339/40; A.H. 741=1340/41; A.H. 743=1342/43), and Anushirwan (A.H. 745=1344/45; A.H. 748=1347/48; A.H. 750–756=1349–1354).[18]

If George V had achieved true independence from the Mongol, he would certainly not have minted their coinage.[19] This indicates that Tiflis and eastern Georgia remained strictly under the control of the Ilkhanate during the mid-14th century.[19]

Death and inheritance

George V died in 1346. He was succeeded by his only son, David IX. He was buried at the Gelati Monastery near Kutaisi, western Georgia. At the time of his death, the Il-khanate was much weakened, Mongol rule being in the hands of the Chupanid Malik Ashraf who had installed in Tabriz a puppet ruler in the name of Anushirvan Khan, but still ruling on Central Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Eastern Georgia.[20]

Actually very few accounts remain from the reign George V, mainly due to the Black Death which ravaged Georgia from 1346-48, and due to the destruction of monastic libraries by Timur from 1386.[21] The biography in circulation today mainly derives from the 18th century reconstruction by the monk Egnatashvili, secretary to the Historical Commission established by King Vakhtang VI, who recognized "that he had been unable to find any authentic contemporary life of King Giorgi V".[22]

Marriage and children

The identity of his wife is not known. The "Georgian Chronicle" of the 18th century reports George V marrying a daughter of "the Greek Emperor, Lord Michael Komnenos". However the reigning dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century were the Palaiologoi, not the Komnenoi. The marriage of a daughter of Michael IX Palaiologos and his wife Rita of Armenia to a Georgian ruler is not recorded in Byzantine sources. Neither is the existence of any illegitimate daughters of Michael IX. The Komnenoi did rule however in the Empire of Trebizond. A Michael Komnenos was Emperor from 1344 to 1349, but his only attested child was John III of Trebizond; whether John III had siblings is unknown.[23] He had a son David IX of Georgia and a daughter Soldane who married John of Poitiers-Lusignan.[24]

References

  1. ^ Вулета), Tatjana Vuleta (Татјана (1 January 2014). "The Cloud Collars from Lesnovo". Patrimonium.MK 12: 181 and Fig.23. the cloud collars decorated with pearl embroidery on the portraits of the Georgian princely family Djakeli from St. Saba in Sapara Monastery, 1285–1306. (fig.23), of Ilkhanate origin.
  2. ^ მიხეილ ბახტაძე: გიორგი V ბრწყინვალის ქართული ტიტულატურისათვის; ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები, XIX, თბილისი, 2023, გვ. 59-66
  3. ^ a b c d W. Barthold, ' Die persische Inschrift an der Mauer der Manucehr-Moschee zu Ani ', trans. and edit. W. Hinz, ZDMG, Bd. 101, 1951, 246;
  4. ^ a b c Lang 1955, p. 75.
  5. ^ Lang 1955, p. 80: "It will also be recalled that al-'Umari says that Chupan counted on King Giorgi as 'a remover of any unpleasantness'. As an example of this we may cite Giorgi's active role in the suppression of the revolt of the Amir Qurmishi, who was military governor in Georgia. In 1319 this personage tried to take advantage of Chupan's many commitments in order to secede from the Il-Khanian empire. King Giorgi, however, refused to countenance this and helped to crush Qurmishi. The situation was soon brought under control."
  6. ^ History of Georgia 2012, p. 79.
  7. ^ Asatiani, Nodar; Jamburia, Givi (2008). საქართველოს ისტორია [History of Georgia] (in Georgian). Vol. 2. Tbilisi: Publishing House of Tbilisi University. p. 81. ISBN 9789941130045.
  8. ^ David Marshall Lang (1955). "Numismatic History of Georgia (Georgia under the Mongols)". ANS Numismatic Notes and Monographs. 128–132: 60–61. The numismatic evidence suggests however that Giorgi's successes were of a more modest nature. An uninterrupted series of standard Il-Khanid silver coins were struck at Tiflis until the 1350's. (...) No coins struck in the name of Giorgi the Brilliant are known to us, with the somewhat dubious exception of a few specimens of crude fabric from a 14th century hoard published by D. Kapanadze. These are apparently imitations of later Il-Khanid patterns, though Kapanadze's reproductions are not good enough to give a clear impression.
  9. ^ a b c History of Georgia 2012, p. 78.
  10. ^ a b Kekelia 2015, p. 24.
  11. ^ D. Kldiashvili, History of the Georgian heraldry, Parlamentis utskebani, 1997, p. 35.
  12. ^ Vasil Kiknadze, Georgia in the XIV century, Tbilisi, 1989, p.105
  13. ^ Vazha Kiknadze, European sources of Georgian history, Tbilisi, 1983, p.159
  14. ^ Richard, Jean (1977). La papauté et les missions d'Orient au Moyen-Âge (XIII-XIVème siècle). École Française de Rome. p. 184, note 53. ISBN 2-7283-0519-6.
  15. ^ a b "ANS Numismatic Notes and Monographs, nos. 128-132". ANS Numismatic Notes and Monographs: 61. 1955.
  16. ^ a b Harris, Jonathan; Holmes, Catherine; Russell, Eugenia (29 November 2012). Byzantines, Latins, and Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean World After 1150. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-964188-8. Georgia during the second part of his reign (1327–46), nonetheless had little control of the type of silver currency which was struck at Tiflis and Kakheti . The dominant coins struck in these two Georgian mints were Ilkhanid dirhams.
  17. ^ Akopyan, Alexander; Mosanef, Farbod (1 January 2015). "Between Jujids and Jalayirids: the coinage of the Chopanids, Akhijuq and their contemporaries, 754–759/1353–1358". Der Islam: 203–204, Fig. 1.
  18. ^ Dundua, Tedo; Avdaliani, Emil (2016). "Coins of Muslim Rulers Struck at Tbilisi Mint (General Overview)". Institute of Georgian History, Proceedings, Special Issue III. 11 (11): 569.
  19. ^ a b Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (17 August 2023). The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes. Cambridge University Press. p. 766. ISBN 978-1-009-30197-8. Georgia paid the Ilkhanid treasury 1,202,000 dinars in 1336. Before the Mongol invasion, the Georgian treasury collected, in a comparable territory, almost five times as much. (...) If George V had achieved independence from the Ilkhans, he would never have issues coins in the name of the Mongols. Thus in the mid-fourteenth century, Tiflis and eastern Georgia were strictly subjects of the Ilkhanate.
  20. ^ Lang 1955, p. 74 "But by Giorgi's death in 1346 the Il-Khan realm was virtually in ruins. From Tabriz, Malik Ashraf the Chupanid and his puppet, Anushirvan Khan, ruled over only Central Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Eastern Georgia."
  21. ^ Lang 1955, p. 74.
  22. ^ Lang 1955, pp. 74–75.
  23. ^ Kelsey Jackson Williams, "A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond", Foundations, 2 (2006), p. 178
  24. ^ Runciman 1999, Appendix III, part 4.

Bibliography

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