Galindian language

The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which were peripheral dialects:

Name

There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination Galindian:[2]: 308–309 

  • Proto-Baltic *Galind- meaning 'outsider' (Lithuanian: gãlas 'wall; border').[3] This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians Голядь Goljad' > Proto-Slavic *golędь > Proto-Baltic *Galind-); the Proto-Slavic *ę denotes a nasal e (/ẽ/)
  • It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic hydronyms;[4][5] and
  • The name means 'the powerful ones' (Lithuanian: galià 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages (Irish: gal 'strength', Welsh: gallus 'power', Galli, Gallia).[6]

Proposed relation

Golyad and West Galindian have been proposed by scientists to have had a common origin that is based on two ancient authors using the common name of Galindian for both of them.[2]: 309 [7] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Prussian/West Galindian and Golyad.[2]: 309–310 

Marija Gimbutas suggested that both the Golyads and West Galindians name could both originate from the word for end or borderland in Lithuanian (gãlas) and Latvian (gàls).[8] There has also been a suggestion that the West Galindians' name could come from the Prussian word for death (gallan).[9] This name could have come from the Golyad being the furthest Baltic tribe in the east.[8]

Some theories that propose a relationship between West Galindian and Golyad are that the West Galindians migrated from their homeland in Prussia towards the Protva basin.[9] People believe this migration would have been one in the Migration Period and would have occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries.[10] In this theory, another group who also migrated West during this period, the Goths, are believed to have also inspired the language and culture of the Golyads.[11] Another theory is that the Golyads were West Galindians that were captured during wars with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Russian duchies, but this is unlikely as local Slavs wouldn't have replaced their own names for regions with names from their POWs.[9]

West Galindian

West Galindian
West Galindan
RegionNortheastern Poland
EthnicityGalindians
Extinct14th century AD[12]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xgl
xgl
Glottologwest3001
Former extent of West Baltic languages, including Galindian.
  Old Curonian †
  Old Prussian
  Sudovian †
  Skalvian †
  West Galindian †

West Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Galindians previously spoken in what is today northeastern Poland and thought to have been a dialect of Old Prussian,[2]: 290  or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.[13] There are no extant writings in Galindian.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Velar
plain pal.
Nasal m n nʲ
Plosive voiceless p t tʲ k
voiced b d dʲ dʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ
voiced z ʒ
Trill r rʲ
Approximant l lʲ j

Vowels

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i iː u uː
Mid eː oː
Mid-low ɔ
Low a aː

East Galindian

Main article: Golyad language

References

  1. ^ "galindai" [The Galindians]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  2. ^ a b c d Dini, Pietro U. (2014). Foundations of Baltic languages. Translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. ISBN 978-609-437-263-6.
  3. ^ Būga, Kazimieras (1924). Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai [The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives] (in Lithuanian). Kaunas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Nalepa, Jerzy (1971). "Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź" [Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź]. Opuscula slavica 1. Slaviska och baltiska studier (in Polish). Vol. 9. Lund: Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet. pp. 93–115.
  5. ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1981). Prūsų kalbos paminklai [Monuments of the Prussian language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 318–319.
  6. ^ Schmid, Wolfgang P. (1998). "Galinder" [Galindians]. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde [Dictionary of Germanic antiquities] (in German). Vol. 10 (2nd revised and enlarged ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 325–327. ISBN 978-3-11-015102-2.
  7. ^ Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Galindian question]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.
  8. ^ a b Marija Gimbutas (1963). The Balts (PDF). Praeger. pp. 27, 28. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  9. ^ a b c Pauli Rahkonen (2013). "4". South-Eastern contact area of Finnic languages in the light of onomastics. Central European University Press. pp. 109–111. ISBN 9789637326189. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  10. ^ Endre Bojtar (1 January 2000). "2". Foreword to The Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. University of Helsinki. p. 209. ISBN 9789525866155.
  11. ^ Walther Friesen (11 December 2020). "1". The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History. Books on Demand. p. 20. ISBN 9783752646337. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  12. ^ "Galindan". Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Until 14th century.
  13. ^ Tarasov, Iliya (January 2017). "The Balts in the migration period". Istoričeskij Format Исторический Формат (in Russian). 3–4: 95–124.
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