European apartheid

European apartheid is a term coined by French sociologist Étienne Balibar in 1999[1] to describe how the introduction of European citizenship produced two classes of people in the European Union, those who had European citizenship and those who lacked it.[2] Balibar questioned the self-image of the "new Europe" that it had rejected colonialism and imperialism.[3] He argued that largely non-white, long-term immigrants to Europe were in danger of becoming a permanent underclass if they were cut off from the benefits of citizenship, a situation which would resemble South African apartheid.[4][5] Balibar believed that it was unclear at the time whether Europe would develop into such an apartheid system, or be able to create a non-segregated society.[6] The term was originally intended to highlight how many of the European Union's protections only apply to European citizens, but has also come to describe the harms of increasingly draconian European Union border policies against non-European citizens. According to Dimitry Kochenov, European apartheid is "at the core of the EU integration project"[7] and "a natural outflow of the EU’s colonial past".[8] Koen Leurs and Sandra Ponzanesi state that European apartheid derives in part from refusal to acknowledge Europe's present multicultural reality, while also ignoring Europe's colonial past. Colonies geographically outside of Europe have not been included in European history, enabling colonial violence to be ignored while telling the story of the European project and its supposed values.[9] Andreas Hieronymus compares Europe's migration regime to the White Australia policy arguing that the two have substantial similarities.[6]

European apartheid has also been used to describe treatment of Romani people.[10][11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Balibar, Étienne (2009). "Droit de cité or Apartheid?". We, the People of Europe?: Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–50. ISBN 978-1-4008-2578-3.
  2. ^ Ganty, Sarah (21 January 2026). "Racialized, but Equal?". Verfassungsblog. Retrieved 22 January 2026.
  3. ^ Used up and misused: the nation state, the European Union and the insistent presence of the colonial
  4. ^ Outlines of a Topography of Cruelty: Citizenship and Civility in the Era of Global Violence.
  5. ^ "Epilogue | Black France, White Europe". Cornell University Press. Retrieved 22 January 2026.
  6. ^ a b Hieronymus, Andreas (2009). "Discovering Whiteness Young Adults and their Understanding of Racism". Jugend, Partizipation und Migration: Orientierungen im Kontext von Integration und Ausgrenzung. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. pp. 129–147. ISBN 978-3-531-91663-7.
  7. ^ Kochenov, Dimitry Vladimirovich (5 April 2019). "The Tjebbes Fail: Going Farcical about Bulgakovian Truths". Verfassungsblog. doi:10.17176/20190517-144300-0. Retrieved 22 January 2026.
  8. ^ Democracy, Review of (21 June 2024). "https://revdem.ceu.edu/2024/06/21/european-citizenship-passport-apartheid-and-enlargement-what-is-the-future-of-the-eu-professor-kochenovs-approach/". revdem.ceu.edu. Retrieved 22 January 2026. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  9. ^ Leurs, Koen; Ponzanesi, Sandra (2 January 2018). "Connected migrants: Encapsulation and cosmopolitanization". Popular Communication. 16 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1080/15405702.2017.1418359.
  10. ^ "The Roma: Europe's Apartheid?". ABC Radio National. 7 March 2004. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  11. ^ "Portraits Of European Apartheid: Photographs from Seven Years with the Roma". Der Spiegel. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
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