Eupalinos

Eupalinos (Ancient Greek: Εὐπαλῖνος) or Eupalinus of Megara was an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos Island[1]: 27 [2] in the late 6th century BCE.[1]: 27  Though the construction of the tunnel has been attributed to the tyrant Polycrates of Samos,[1]: 27  it is now considered to be a later construction and having been built between 550 and 530 BCE.[3]: 149  In any case, the tunnel was, and is, regarded as a major feat of engineering.[3]: 149 

The tunnel 1,036 m (3,399 ft) long conveyed water from a spring near Mount Kastro through the mountain into the ancient city of Samos (modern Pythagoreio).[3]: 149 [1]: 27  It was the longest one of its time and it still exists. The tunnel was excavated from both ends,[1]: 27 [4]: 173  but it is not the first one known to be built in this manner -- a tunnel channeling water to Jerusalem was built from both ends at the same time earlier, in the 8th century BCE.[4]: 173 

The route of the tunnel does not follow a direct line -- for several hundred meters on both ends, it does follow a straight line, but in the middle third, there are several turns.[1]: 29 [3]: 150  Additionally, the tunnel has two parts: A main tunnel and a trench running along the left side of the main tunnel.[1]: 27  The main tunnel is 1.8 m × 1.8 m (5.9 ft × 5.9 ft) square in cross-section.[1]: 27  And, while the main tunnel is horizontal, the trench gets progressively deeper with an average gradient of 0.4% and gets from 3.5 to 8.5 m (11 to 28 ft) deep.[1]: 28 [3]: 150  On the bottom of the trench ran a terracotta pipeline carrying the water.[1]: 27 [3]: 149 

Eupalinos is considered the first hydraulic engineer in history whose name has been passed down. Apart from that, though, nothing more is known about him.[5]

Efpalinos Tunnel, a road tunnel built under the Geraneia mountains in Corinthia and completed in 2017, is named after Eupalinos.

Eupalinos's name features in the title of Paul Valéry’s work Eupalinos, or the Architect (in French: Eupalinos ou l’Architecte, published in 1921), which had a significant influence on French artists and architects (in particular, on Auguste Perret), but also on the theoretical basis of the "monumental order" and the Art Deco in general.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hodge, Trevor A. Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply. 61 Frith Street, London WlD 3JL: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-7156-3171-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ Herodotus (1920). "3.60.3". Histories. Vol. 2. Translated by Godley, A. D. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Harry B. Evans (1999). "Review of Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos by Hermann J. Kienast". American Journal of Archaeology. 103 (1).
  4. ^ a b Alfred Burns (1971). "The Tunnel of Eupalinus and the Tunnel Problem of Hero of Alexandria". Isis. 62 (2).
  5. ^ Tom Apostol, 2004, p. 33
  6. ^ Selivanova, Alexandra (2018). Postkonstruktivizm: Vlast' i arkhitektura v 1930-e gody v SSSR [Postconstructivism: The State and Architecture in the 1930s in the USSR] (in Russian). Moscow: BuksMArt. p. 245. ISBN 978-5-6040055-4-5.

Further reading

  • Olson, Åke (2012). "How Eupalinos navigated his way through the mountain: An empirical approach to the geometry of Eupalinos". Anatolia Antiqua. XX. Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes: 25–34. doi:10.3406/anata.2012.1323.
  • Apostol, Tom (2004). "The Tunnel of Samos" (PDF). Engineering and Science. 67 (1): 30–40.
  • Burns, Alfred (1971). "The Tunnel of Eupalinus and the Tunnel Problem of Hero of Alexandria". Isis. 62 (2): 172–185. doi:10.1086/350729. S2CID 145064628.
  • Goodfield, June; Toulmin, Stephen (1965). "How Was the Tunnel of Eupalinus Aligned?". Isis. 56 (1): 46–55. doi:10.1086/349924. S2CID 145662351.
  • Goodfield, June (June 1964). "The Tunnel of Eupalinus". Scientific American. 210 (6): 104–110. Bibcode:1964SciAm.210f.104G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0664-104.
  • Kienast, Hermann J.; Bernd Meissner (1995). Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos (in German). Bonn: Habelt (in Komm.). ISBN 3-7749-2713-8.
  • Legon, Ronald P. (1981). Megara : the political history of a Greek city-state to 336 B.C. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1370-2.
  • Mitchell, B. M. (1973). "Herodotus and Samos". Journal of Hellenic Studies. 95: 75–91. doi:10.2307/630871. JSTOR 630871. S2CID 162925054.
  • Shipley, Graham (1987). A history of Samos, 800-188 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814868-2.
  • Van der Waerden, B. L. (1968). "Eupalinos and His Tunnel". Isis. 59 (1): 82–83. doi:10.1086/350338. S2CID 224832741.
  • White, K.D. (1984). Greek and Roman technology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1439-3.
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