Pleurotus eryngii
| Pleurotus eryngii | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Pleurotaceae |
| Genus: | Pleurotus |
| Species: | P. eryngii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pleurotus eryngii | |
| Pleurotus eryngii | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
| Gills on hymenium | |
| Cap is depressed or offset | |
| Hymenium is decurrent | |
| Stipe is bare | |
| Spore print is white | |
| Ecology is saprotrophic | |
| Edibility is choice | |
Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom, French horn mushroom, eryngi, king oyster mushroom, king brown mushroom, boletus of the steppes,[Note 1] trumpet royale, aliʻi oyster) is an Old World species of fungus.
Taxonomy
The species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of Eryngium campestre or other Eryngium plants (English names: 'sea holly' or 'eryngo'). P. eryngii is a species complex and a number of varieties have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family.
- Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii (DC.) Quél 1872 – associated with Eryngium ssp.
- Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae (Lanzi) Sacc. 1887 – associated with Ferula communis[1]
- Pleurotus eryngii var. tingitanus Lewinsohn 2002 – associated with Ferula tingitana[1]
- Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000 – associated with Elaeoselinum asclepium[2][3]
- Pleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002 – associated with Thapsia garganica[4]
Other specimens of P. eryngii have been reported in association with plants in the genera Ferulago, Cachrys, Laserpitium, and Diplotaenia, all in Apiaceae.[5]
Molecular studies have shown P. nebrodensis to be closely related to, but distinct from, P. eryngii.[5] Pleurotus fossulatus may be another closely related species.[5]
Phylogeny
Pleurotus populations growing on umbellifers seem to have recently diverged through a sympatric speciation process that is based on both intrinsic reproductive barriers and extrinsic ecogeographical factors.
Description
The tannish cap is 4–15 centimetres (1+1⁄2–6 in) wide, smooth and slightly velvety. It is convex then flattens, with a thin margin that is initially inrolled then spreads out.[6] The whitish gills are decurrent, dense and anastomosed. The whitish stem is 3–10 cm (1+1⁄4–4 in) tall and 1–3 cm wide.[6]
Distribution and habitat
Its natural range extends from the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Basin (including North Africa)[6] and Central Europe into Western Asia and India.[5]
Unlike other species of Pleurotus, which are primarily wood-decay fungi, the P. eryngii complex are also weak parasites on the roots of herbaceous plants in the carrot family, although they may also be cultured on organic wastes.[5][7]
Ecology
Pleurotus eryngii is a saprotrophic fungus. It grows in association with members of the carrot family[1] and Eryngium plants.
It is also a nematode-trapping fungi, by which it receives nutrition.[8] This provides phylogenetic clues about its apparent diversion from saprophytism about 419 million years ago (Mya), following the origin of nematodes (about 550–600 Mya), possibly suggesting their coevolution.
P. eryngii extract reduced the number of Panagrellus sp. larvae after 24 h by 90%. P. eryngii has predatory activity against Panagrellus sp. larvae due to toxin production and negatively affects Meloidogyne javanica eggs and juveniles development.
Uses
The mushroom has a good shelf life and is widely cultivated. It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops rich umami flavor and a meaty texture. When cultivating RAPD can be used in the mushroom industry for the classification and maintenance of high-quality mushroom spawns. P. eryngii are commercially produced, edible mushrooms, with P. eryngii making up 30% of the Korean edible mushroom market since its introduction in 1995. It is commonly used as a meat substitute.
Pleurotus eryngii may contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system.[9] Dietary intake of P. eryngii may function as cholesterol-lowering dietary agent.[10]
Like some other Pleurotus species, P. eryngii attacks nematodes[8] and may provide a control method for these parasites when they infect cats and dogs.
It is very frequently used in Apulian cuisine. An example of this is when it is put on top of orecchiette.
See also
Notes
- ^ The name "boletus of the steppes" is misleading as P. eryngii is a gilled mushroom in order Agaricales, and Boletus is a genus of mushrooms with pores rather than gills in order Boletales.
References
- ^ a b c Lewinsohn, D.; Wasser, S. P.; Reshetnikov, S. V.; Hadar, Y.; Nevo, E. (2002). "The Pleurotus eryngii species-complex in Israel: distribution and morphological description of a new taxon". Mycotaxon. 81: 51–67.
- ^ Venturella, G.; Zervakis, G.; La Rocca, S. (2000). "Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 76: 419–427.
- ^ Estrada, Alma E. Rodriguez; Jimenez-Gasco, Maria del Mar; Royse, Daniel J. (May 2010). "Pleurotus eryngii species complex: Sequence analysis and phylogeny based on partial EF1α and RPB2 genes". Fungal Biology. 114 (5–6): 421–428. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.003. PMID 20943152.
- ^ Venturella, G.; Zervakis, G.; Saitta, A. (2002). "Pleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 81: 69–74.
- ^ a b c d e Venturella, Giuseppe; Zervakis, Georgios I.; Papadopoulou, Kalliopi (1 November 2001). "Genetic polymorphism and taxonomic infrastructure of the Pleurotus eryngii species-complex as determined by RAPD analysis, isozyme profiles and ecomorphological characters". Microbiology. 147 (11): 3183–3194. doi:10.1099/00221287-147-11-3183. PMID 11700370.
- ^ a b c "Pleurotus Eryngii: a complete analysis of the King Oyster mushroom". NaturNext. December 2, 2024. Retrieved 2025-10-30.
- ^ Estrada, Alma E. Rodriguez; Royse, Daniel J. (February 2008). "Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis: from the wild to commercial production". Mushroom News. 56 (2): 4.
- ^ a b Su, Hao; Zhao, Yong; Zhou, Jing; Feng, Huihua; Jiang, Dewei; Zhang, Ke-Qin; Yang, Jinkui (February 2017). "Trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi: formation, evolution, and genomic perspectives: Trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi". Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 357–368. doi:10.1111/brv.12233. PMID 26526919. S2CID 31294847.
- ^ Nozaki, Hirofumi; Itonori, Saki; Sugita, Mutsumi; Nakamura, Kimihide; Ohba, Kiyoshi; Suzuki, Akemi; Kushi, Yasunori (August 2008). "Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 α/β TCR-double positive cells in vitro". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 373 (3): 435–439. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047. PMID 18577373.
- ^ Alam, Nuhu; Yoon, Ki Nam; Lee, Jae Seong; Cho, Hae Jin; Shim, Mi Ja; Lee, Tae Soo (Oct 2011). "Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18 (4): 403–409. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2011.07.001. ISSN 1319-562X. PMC 3730794. PMID 23961153.
Further reading
- Ravash, Rudabe; Shiran, Behrouz; Alavi, Aziz-Allah; Bayat, Fereshteh; Rajaee, Saeideh; Zervakis, Georgios I. (May 2010). "Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of Pleurotus eryngii species-complex isolates from Iran, and notes on the systematics of Asiatic populations". Mycological Progress. 9 (2): 181–194. Bibcode:2010MycPr...9..181R. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0624-2. S2CID 19342206.
- Ro, Hyeon-Su; Kim, Sung Soon; Ryu, Jae San; Jeon, Che-Ok; Lee, Tae Soo; Lee, Hyun-Sook (1 June 2007). "Comparative studies on the diversity of the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii: ITS sequence analysis, RAPD fingerprinting, and physiological characteristics". Mycological Research. 111 (6): 710–715. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.016. PMID 17604148.
- Sufiate, Bruna Leite; Soares, Filippe Elias de Freitas; Moreira, Samara Silveira; Gouveia, Angélica de Souza; Monteiro, Thalita Suelen Avelar; Freitas, Leandro Grassi de; Queiroz, José Humberto de (1 October 2017). "Nematicidal action of Pleurotus eryngii metabolites". Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 12: 216–219. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2017.10.009.
- Rajarathnam, S.; Bano, Zakia; Miles, Philip G. (1 January 1987). "Pleurotus mushrooms. Part I A. morphology, life cycle, taxonomy, breeding, and cultivation". CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 26 (2): 157–223. doi:10.1080/10408398709527465. PMID 3322683.
External links
Media related to Pleurotus eryngii at Wikimedia Commons