Ella Hall

Ella Hall
Hall c. 1918
Born
Ella Augusta Hall

(1897-03-17)March 17, 1897[1]
DiedSeptember 3, 1981(1981-09-03) (aged 84)
Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
Occupations
  • Actress
  • producer
Years active1906–1933
Known for
Spouses
(m. 1919; div. 1930)
Charles Clow
(m. 1934; ann. 1936)
Children4, including Ellen Hall and Richard Emory
MotherMary Hall actress
Signature

Ella Augusta Hall (March 17, 1897 – September 3, 1981) was an American actress. She appeared in more than 90 films between 1912 and 1933.

Early years

Ella Augusta Hall was born in Hoboken, New Jersey on March 17, 1897.[2] Her family moved to Hollywood in the early days of silent films so her mother, May Hall, could pursue an acting career.

Career

Ella Hall's first credited film appearance was the lead role in the 1913 film Memories. Her career took off after that film, and she appeared in thirty-seven films from 1913 through the end of 1914. She had another thirty-nine film appearances from 1915 through 1919. She did not appear in another film until 1921. Her career had slowed considerably during this two-year break, and she starred in only seven more films. Her best-known film was The Flying Dutchman, released in 1923, which was her final silent film.

She had a minor appearance, uncredited, in the 1930 Cecil B. DeMille film Madam Satan. Her final film appearance was in 1933's The Bitter Tea of General Yen.

Marriage, children and divorce

Mr. & Mrs. Johnson 1917
Ella Hall with 3 children
1924

Carl Laemmle, head of Universal, went to Universal City to oversee the California plant. Once he wrapped up his business, he was slated to return to Universal's New York offices on the Santa Fe train.[3] Before he left, he chose to host a gala on June 13, 1917. Invitations were sent out, and three thousand guests took advantage of Laemmle's offer. "The occasion promised to be one of the most noteworthy in the history of film functions." [4]

Among the guests was Emory Johnson, 23, a Universal leading man currently in the third year of his contract. At an appropriate moment during the ball, glasses were clinked, and Emory Johnson and fellow universalite Ella Hall professed their love and announced their engagement.[5] Hall had recently turned 20 years old.

Fast-forward to Thursday, September 6, 1917. Hall and Johnson were busy finishing their day's work for Universal. They worked until 2  pm. After they removed their makeup, they left the studios and were married in a private ceremony at 3 o'clock. After the ceremony, they hopped in Johnson's Hupmobile and drove off on their honeymoon. They were scheduled to return to work on October 1.[6][7] After the honeymoon was over, the couple moved into Johnson's house along with Johnson's mother Emilie Johnson.

After their marriage, Johnson and Hall acted in four pictures together. They made their first together playing husband and wife in – My Little Boy released in December 1917. The movie was Johnson's first film with his bride. Johnson and Hall followed the release of that film with acting in New Love for Old (Feb 1918) and then, Beauty in Chains (Mar 1918). Their last film together was A Mother's Secret released on April 4, 1918.

In June 1918, Universal failed to renew the contracts of Ella Hall and Emory Johnson.[8] Ella Hall was pregnant with their first child at the time of their release.

Their first son (Richard), Walter Emory, was born on January 27, 1919, in Santa Barbara, California.[9] Their second son Bernard Alfred was born on September 26, 1920, in Santa Barbara, California.[10] Their daughter Ellen Joanna was born in Los Angeles, California, on April 18, 1923.[11]

By 1924, their marriage was falling apart, and they separated. Hall initially filed for divorce, but ultimately, they reconciled.[12] A series of separations and reconciliations would follow.

The couple's disagreements about money, children, and their living situation were very public, from 1924 on. Their relationship was defined by repeated separations and reunions. It was difficult for Hall to reconcile her emotions toward Johnson's only-child status and what she viewed as his overdependence on his mother. She considered Emory to be overly attached to his mother, which strained their relationship. She thought her mother-in-law had too much control. Hall's frustration was summed up perfectly with the words, "Too much mother-in-law!"[13]

In the 1920s, Johnson and her son became famous as Hollywood's only mother-son directing/writing team. She wrote all the stories and screenplays her son used to build his successful career directing melodramas.[14][15]

Tragedy struck in March 1926. While Hall and the kids were walking down a street in Hollywood, the couple's five-year-old son, Bernard, was fatally struck by a truck.[16] Bernard's death would provide a catalyst for another reconciliation.[17]

Early 1929 saw another split, followed by a reconciliation. The pair decided to have a baby to make their relationship stronger. Dinie, or Diana Marie, was born on October 27, 1929, in Los Angeles, California. They would have no more children together.[18]

"Two in a family can't be picture folk and stay married, and sometimes one can't either. So I'm in neither picture nor marriage"

Ella Hall
September 1931[19]

In 1930, their stormy relationship came to an end. The divorce between Johnson, 36, and Hall, 34, was finalized in Los Angeles, California. At one time, they were considered one of Hollywood's ideal marriages. After the divorce, their public and legal battles would continue.[20]

Two of their children would follow their parents in the movie industry, Ellen Hall and Richard Emory.[21]

In October 1934, Hall briefly wed weathy sportsman Charles Clow. Legal complications arose in 1936. Appearing before Los Angeles superior court judge, Hall explained that her husband's first wife, Linda Lee Clows of Chicago, had his divorce from her set aside last April for the purpose of interposing a cross-Complaint making his marriage to Hall illegal. "I left my husband upon learning her action made our marriage illegal," Hall testified in court. The marriage was officially annulled on January 21, 1936.[22]

Death

Ella Hall, 84, was living in Los Angeles, California, when she died due to a stroke on September 3, 1981. Per her request, she was cremated. Her ashes were interred at Forest Lawn's Columbarium of Sunlight in Glendale, California.[23][a]

In November 1984, Hall's youngest daughter, Diana Marie (Dinie) Moxley, died in Los Angeles at 55.[24] Her only surviving son, Richard Emory 75, died in 1994.[25] In March 1999, Hall's oldest daughter, Ellen Hall, died in Bellevue, Nebraska. She was 75 and living with her son.[26] Like her mother, she was cremated, and then her ashes were transported west to Forest Lawn Memorial Park.[27]

Hall's former spouse, Emory Johnson died in San Mateo, California on April 18, 1960, from burns suffered in a fire.[28]

Filmography

Introduction

This film catalogue is the verified filmography of Ella Hall. The sources used to compile this listing are trustworthy and were verified through archives and historical records, including trade publications, newspaper reviews, and published filmography references.

However, some of Hall's film work may have been missed, especially her early uncredited roles and her cameos after 1923. These omissions stem from imperfect record-keeping, particularly in the film industry's early days, when credits were not consistent, and documentation was often lacking.

As ongoing research and archival discoveries continue to shed new light on early cinema, this filmography may be revised to reflect additional verified findings.

Film authentication

The films in this compilation were verified using the following references.

  • Hall's known appearances in Short films were verified using the following sources: [b]
  • Hall's known appearances in Feature films were verified using the following sources:[c]
             Filmography of Ella Hall (97 films)             
Year Title Role Director Production Distribution Released Genre Length Notes
1912 Hot Stuff Party Guest Sennett Biograph General Film 1912-03-21 Comedy Short
8 mins
[36]
The School Teacher and the Waif Schoolgirl Griffith Biograph General Film 1912-06-27 Comedy Short
17 mins
[37]
1913
(10)
Parson Jim's Baby
Miles Kinemacolor Kinemacolor 1913-05-01 Western Short [38]
Love in the Dark Bertha Benson Miles Kinemacolor Kinemacolor 1913-05-31 Romance Short [39]
Local Color
Miles Kinemacolor Kinemacolor 1913-06-21 Comedy Short [40]
When Love Grows Up
Miles Kinemacolor Kinemacolor 1913-07-01 Drama Short [41]
Memories Personification of Youth Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1913-10-16 Romance Short [42]
The Haunted Bride The Maid Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1913-11-09 Comedy Short [43]
The Blood Brotherhood The Crippled Girl Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1913-11-16 Drama Short [44]
James Lee's Wife The Milkmaid Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1913-12-07 Drama Short [45]
The Mask Lois' Invalid Sister Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1913-12-14 Crime Short [46]
The Jew's Christmas Eleanor – Isaac's Granddaughter Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1913-12-18 Drama Short [47]
1914
(34)
The Female of the Species The Sheriff's Sweetheart Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1914-01-01 Drama Short [48]
A Fool and His Money Ella – the Waitress Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1914-01-04 Comedy Short [49]
The Coward Hater Jane – a Schoolteacher Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1914-02-08 Drama Short [50]
Woman's Burden Peggy's Sister Weber Rex Universal 1914-02-22 Drama Short [51]
The Weaker Sister
Weber Rex Universal 1914-03-01 Drama Short [52]
A Modern Fairy Tale The Princess Weber Rex Universal 1914-03-08 Drama Short [53]
The Man Who Slept Mary Weber Rex Universal 1914-04-09 Drama Short [54]
An Episode
Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1914-04-30 Romance Short [55]
The Career of Waterloo Peterson Herself, Actress Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1914-05-10 Comedy Short
6 mins
[56]
The Triumph of Mind Crooked Trill Weber Bison
1914-05-23 Drama Short [57]
The Stone in the Road
Weber Rex Universal 1914-05-31 Drama Short [58]
The Spy Frances Wharton Turner Universal Universal 1914-06-01 Drama Feature [59]
The Pursuit of Hate The Graves' Daughter Weber Rex Universal 1914-06-14 Drama Short [60]
The Sherlock Boob
Leonard Rex Universal 1914-06-21 Comedy Short [61]
Lost by a Hair Another Summer Girl Smalley-Weber Rex Universal 1914-06-28 Comedy Short [62]
The House Discordant Mary – Son's Sweetheart Leonard Rex Universal 1914-07-02 Drama Short [63]
When Fate Disposes Ella Leonard Rex Universal 1914-07-08 Romance Short [64]
The Great Universal Mystery Self Allan Dwan Nestor Universal 1914-07-10 Mystery Short [65]
Out of the Darkness The Thief's Daughter Leonard Rex Universal 1914-07-19 Drama Short [66]
At the Foot of the Stairs The Maid Turner Rex Universal 1914-07-23 Drama Short [67]
An Awkward Cinderella Ella – the New Maid Turner Rex Universal 1914-07-26 Comedy Short [68]
The Symphony of Souls Elaine Ingram Rex Universal 1914-08-06 Romance Short [69]
The Hedge Between Ella Leonard Rex Universal 1914-08-16 Drama Short [70]
The Bowl of Roses
Leonard Rex Universal 1914-08-20 Comedy Short [71]
For the Secret Service Constance Chambers Leonard Rex Universal 1914-08-27 Drama Short [72]
The Boob's Nemesis The Farmer's Daughter Leonard Rex Universal 1914-09-06 Drama Short [73]
The Mistress of Deadwood Basin Eveline Danvers Leonard Rex Universal 1914-09-17 Western Short [74]
The Little Sister The Little Sister Leonard Rex Universal 1914-09-24 Drama Short [75]
The Boob's Legacy The Boob's Country Sweetheart Leonard Rex Universal 1914-10-01 Comedy Short [73]
Olaf Erickson, Boss The Stranger's Daughter Leonard Rex Universal 1914-10-22 Drama Short [76]
The Decision The Younger Sister Leonard Rex Universal 1914-10-25 Drama Short [77]
White Roses The Newsgirl Rex Universal 1914-10-29 Drama Short [78]
The Master Key Ruth Gallon Leonard Universal Universal 1914-11-16 Drama Serial
15 eps
[79][d]
His Uncle's Will The Country Girl Leonard Rex Universal 1914-11-19 Drama Short [81]
1915
(12)
The Heart of Lincoln
Ford Universal Universal 1915-02-09 War Short [82][83]
Mavis of the Glen Mavis Graham Leonard Universal Universal 1915-04-21 Drama Short [84]
Shattered Memories Jane Marsh Leonard Universal Universal 1915-05-25 Drama Short [85]
The Silent Command Ella – the Daughter Leonard Universal Universal 1915-06-02 Mystery Feature [86]
A Boob's Romance The Boob's Sweetheart Leonard Universal Universal 1915-06-23 Comedy Short [73]
Betty's Dream Hero Betty Leonard Universal Universal 1915-07-07 Romance Short [87]
Heritage Kate Leonard Universal Universal 1915-07-29 Drama Short [88]
The Little Blonde in Black The Blonde in Black Leonard Universal Universal 1915-08-19 Romance Short [89]
Jewel Jewel Smalley-Weber Universal Universal 1915-08-30 Drama Feature [90]
Both Sides of Life Ella – a Waif of Circumstance Leonard Universal Universal 1915-09-09 Drama Short [91]
Idols of Clay The Little Girl Next Door Leonard Universal Universal 1915-12-07 Drama Short [92][e]
Christmas Memories Little Sunshine Leonard Universal Universal 1915-12-21 Drama Feature [94]
1916
(13)
The Boob's Victory The Detectress Leonard Universal Universal 1916-01-11 Comedy Short [73]
The Silent Member Undetermined Role Leonard Rex Universal 1916-01-18 Drama Short [95]
Secret Love Arnice Leonard Universal Universal 1916-01-31 Drama
[96][97][f]
A Child of Circumstances The Little Thief Rex Universal 1916-02-04 Crime Short [99]
Yust from Sweden Hilda Jensen Leonard Universal Universal 1916-02-08 Drama Short [100]
The Winning of Miss Construe Ella Construe Kirkland-Leonard Universal Universal 1916-03-07 Comedy Short [101]
The Crippled Hand The Little Girl Leonard Universal Universal 1916-05-01 Drama
[102]
The Silent Man of Timber Gulch The Silent Man's Wife Leonard Universal Universal 1916-05-30 Drama Short [95]
The Love Girl Ambrosia Leonard Universal Universal 1916-07-10 Comedy
[103]
Little Eve Edgarton Eve Edgarton Leonard Universal Universal 1916-08-21 Comedy
[104]
The Heart of a Show Girl Elspeth Marner Worthington Rex Universal 1916-08-28 Drama Short [105]
The Unfinished Case
Leonard Rex Universal 1916-10-09 Drama Short [106]
The Bugler of Algiers Gabrielle Julian Universal Universal 1916-11-27 Drama
[107][g]
1917
(7)
Her Soul's Inspiration Mary Weston Conway Universal Universal 1917-01-15 Drama
[108]
Polly Redhead Polly Redhead Conway Universal Universal 1917-03-19 Comedy
[109]
A Jewel in Pawn Nora Martin Conway Universal Universal 1917-04-16 Drama
[110]
The Little Orphan Rene Lescere Conway Universal Universal 1917-06-18 Drama
[111]
The Charmer Ambrosia Lee Conway Universal Universal 1917-08-27 Drama
[112]
The Spotted Lily Yvonne Solter Universal Universal 1917-10-01 Drama
[113]
My Little Boy Clara Wilson Universal Universal 1917-12-17 Drama
[114]
1918
(6)
New Love for Old Daphne Sawyer Wilson Universal Universal 1918-02-11 Drama
[115][h]
Beauty in Chains Rosarita Wilson Universal Universal 1918-03-11 Drama Feature [116][h]
A Mother's Secret Angela Gerrard Universal Universal 1918-04-29 Drama
[117]
Which Woman? Doris Standish Browning-Pollard Universal Universal 1918-06-10 Mystery
[118]
Three Mounted Men Undetermined Role Ford Universal Universal 1918-10-07 Western Feature [119]
The Heart of Rachael Billy Hickman Barriscale General Film 1918-10-14 Drama Feature [120]
1919 Under the Top Pansy O'Neill Crisp Lasky Lasky 1919-01-12 Comedy Feature [121]
1921 The Great Reward The Princess Ford Burston Films National Exchange 1921-05-09 Drama Serial [122]
1922 In the Name of the Law Mary – age 18 Johnson FBO FBO 1922-08-16 Drama Feature [123]
The Heart of Lincoln
Ford New Era Anchor Film 1922-11-01 War Feature [124]
1923 The Third Alarm June Rutherford Johnson FBO FBO 1923-01-07 Drama Feature [125]
The West~Bound Limited Esther Miller Johnson FBO FBO 1923-04-15 Drama Feature [126]
The Flying Dutchman Zoe Carleton FBO FBO 1923-07-29 Drama Feature [127]
1930 All Quiet on the Western Front Nurse Milestone Universal Universal 1930-04-21 War Feature [i][j]
Madam Satan
DeMille MGM MGM 1930-09-24 Musical Feature [130][131]
1931 Street Scene mob scene extra Vidor Goldwyn Goldwyn 1931-08-26 Drama Feature [132]
1932 Taxi Trial Spectator Ruth Warner Warner 1932-01-23 Drama Feature [133]
Rasputin and the Empress Lady in waiting Boleslawski MGM MGM 1932-12-23 Drama Feature [134][135][k]
1933 The Bitter Tea of General Yen Mrs. Amelia Hansen Capra Columbia Columbia 1933-01-06 War Feature [136][l]
◆◆◆ Legend◆◆◆
Denotes feature film with Universal Bluebird branding[m]
Participation verified in a uncredited role
Film is extant otherwise film is presumed lost
Film made jointly with Robert Z. Leonard
Film made jointly with Emory Johnson

Notes

  1. ^ Death certificate - Ella Augusta Hall death certificate is available for purchase from the Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk for Birth, Death & Marriage Records in Norwalk, California
    Certificate of Death 0190 040428;
    Ella Hall Died: September 3, 1981, 07:07; Born New Jersey March 17, 1897,
    Age – 84 yrs old; Father – Unk; Mother – Mary Muller, New York
    Occupation – Housemaker
    Usual residence: 22437 Victory Blvd, Los Angeles
    Informant H. Edward Moxley, Son-in-law, same address
    Death Certificate signed September 3, 1981
    Death caused by massive cardiovascular accident Stroke
  2. ^
    1. The American Film Institute website - AFI Catalog contains entries for over 17,000 short films from the early days of cinema
    2. American Film Personnel and Company Credits, 1908–1920 [29]
    3. A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses[30]
    4. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films: 1895–1930[31]
    5. The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood[32]
    6. Lois Weber: The Director who Lost Her Way in History[33]
    7. The Braff silent short film working papers 1903–1929[34]
    8. The Internet Archivelocated @ Internet Archive is a non-profit library of millions of free texts, movies, software, music, websites, and more
    9. The Universal Silents: A Filmography of the Universal Motion Picture Manufacturing Company, 1912–1929[35]
  3. ^
    1. The American Film Institute website
    2. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films: 1895–1930[31]
  4. ^ The entire serial film is presumed lost except Print exists in the Library of Congress film archive [chapter 5 only].[80]
  5. ^ A complete print of Idols of Clay is held by Gosfilmofond in Moscow.[93]
  6. ^ This is the first film made under Universal's "Bluebird" banner.[98]
  7. ^ Also known as We Are French
  8. ^ a b Ella Hall also produced this film
  9. ^ Quote from the interview of Hall's son, Richard Emory, in the book - The Encyclopedia of Feature Players of Hollywood:

    "When he was about eleven years old he accompanied his mother to the set of All Quiet on the Western Front. "I went down to the location in Laguna," he recalled. "The trenches and everything were so realistic it was frightening. Mother worked on it for a few days in the hospital scene where she played a nurse. I guess I was of age and they had me throw a vase of flowers in a scene and hit the door; they may have cut it out."

    — Richard Emory[128]

  10. ^ Quoted from Obituaries section of the March 30, 1999 issue of The Modesto Bee listing Ellen Hall:

    "Born, in Los Angeles to parents in the film industry, Langer appeared in All Quiet on the Western Frontat age 7."

    — Modesto Bee[129]

  11. ^ Hollywood, California – where are the stars of yesterday? Curiosity, as to the fact of those who had their big day before the camera and slipped into limbo of forgotten favorites reveals that many of these big names of a few years ago are still active in pictures, though in minor capacities. Ella Hall, who retired from the screen at the time of her marriage to director Emory Johnson, is back again. She played a lady in waiting in "Rasputin," with the Barrymore's.[134]
  12. ^ Visual inspection verified the Hall's role in the film.
  13. ^ What is Universal Branding — Major film studios owned many movie houses. This enabled them to have guaranteed outlets for their products. Since Universal-owned no theaters, they needed a solution advising exhibitors on the type of movie they received. Universal responded by forming a three-tier branding system for their films based on the size of their budget and status. In the book "The Universal Story," Hirschhorn describes the branding as "the low budget, Red Feather programmers, the more ambitious Bluebird releases, and the occasional Prestige or Jewel production." [137]
    An article in The Moving Picture World explains the Bluebird moniker – we adopted the name of Bluebird Photoplays because this company is the harbinger of the very best that can be produced in features.[138] A "Motography" article dated April 28, 1917, announced – A new brand of feature photoplays will be offered for release, though Universal exchanges under the brand name of Butterfly Pictures.[139]
    The Bluebird and Butterfly branding was the brainchild of Carl Laemmle, and both brands exposed his faddish philosophy of "... THE PLAY is always greater than the star". This branding was Laemmle's rather blatant attempt to blunt the proliferation of the star system he had created. Laemmle's filmmaking perspective did not last long. The ticket-buying audience he serviced went to the movies to see their favorite stars, not the vehicle allowing them to perform.[140] The branding system had a brief existence and by 1920 had faded away.

References

  1. ^ "California, Death Index, 1940-1997". Ancestry.com. 2000. Retrieved November 2, 2025. Birth date shows at March 17, 1897
  2. ^ "New Jersey, Births and Christenings Index, 1660-1931". Ancestry.com. 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2025. Birth date shows at March 17, 1897
  3. ^ "Carl Laemmle entertains Universal City". The Moving Picture Weekly. Moving Picture Weekly Pub. Co. June 23, 1917. p. 733.
  4. ^ "Light Fantastic Note". Los Angeles Times. June 12, 1917. p. 15 – via newspapers.com.
  5. ^ "Plays and Players". Photoplay. Chicago, Photoplay Magazine Publishing Company. September 1917. p. 111.
  6. ^ "Ella Hall Takes the Step". Motion Picture News. Motion Picture News, inc. September–October 1917. p. 2203.
  7. ^ "Cupid Note". Los Angeles Times. September 7, 1917. p. 15 – via newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "Universal Players' Contracts Expire". Motion Picture World. New York, Chalmers Publishing Company. June 1, 1918. p. 675.
  9. ^ "California Birth Index, 1905-1995". State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2023. birth Walter Emory
  10. ^ "California Birth Index, 1905-1995". State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2023. Birth Bernard Alfred
  11. ^ "California Birth Index, 1905-1995". State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2023. Birth for Ellen Joanna
  12. ^ "Ella Hall Johnson Through with Husband". Variety. New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company. November 19, 1924. p. 133. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  13. ^ "News from the Dailies - Pacific Coast". Variety. Variety Inc. May 27, 1925. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
  14. ^ "Hollywood Studio Gossip". San Francisco Chronicle. June 4, 1926. p. 11. Retrieved December 17, 2025 – via Newspapers.
  15. ^ Emilie Johnson (this version)
  16. ^ "Truckman is Held in Death of Child". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 1926. p. 122. Retrieved December 15, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "Maybe sorrow will bring them happiness". Photoplay. Chicago, Photoplay Magazine Publishing Company. June 1926. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
  18. ^ "California Birth Index, 1905-1995". State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2023. Birth Diana Marie
  19. ^ "Divorce Was The Cure". Movie Classic. Motion Picture Publications, Inc. September 1931.
  20. ^ "News from the Dailies". Variety. Variety Publishing Company. May 27, 1925. p. 196. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  21. ^ "Ella Hall". AllMovie. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  22. ^ "Tie slashed by actress". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1936. p. 9. Retrieved March 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "California, U.S., Death Index". California Department of Public Health – Vital Records. 2000. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
  24. ^ "California, U.S., Death Index". State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. 2000. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
  25. ^ "Social Security Death Index". Social Security Administration, Master File. Social Security Administration. 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
  26. ^ "Social Security Death Index 1935-2014". Social Security Administration, Master File. Social Security Administration. 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
  27. ^ "1940s Starlet dies in Bellevue". Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. March 29, 1999. p. 10. Retrieved December 16, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Pioneer Film Director Dies". The Times (San Mateo). April 19, 1960. p. 19. Retrieved December 15, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  29. ^ Spehr & Lundquist 1996.
  30. ^ Katchmer 2015.
  31. ^ a b Lowe 2014.
  32. ^ Goldrup 2012.
  33. ^ Slide 1996.
  34. ^ Braff 2002.
  35. ^ Braff 2009.
  36. ^ Braff 2009, p. 236.
  37. ^ Braff 2009, p. 437.
  38. ^ PARSON JIMS BABY at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  39. ^ LOVE IN THE DARK at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  40. ^ LOCAL COLOR at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  41. ^ WHEN LOVE GROWS UP at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  42. ^ Braff 2009, p. 323.
  43. ^ Braff 2009, p. 201.
  44. ^ Braff 2009, p. 49.
  45. ^ Braff 2009, p. 260.
  46. ^ Braff 2009, p. 318.
  47. ^ Braff 2009, p. 264.
  48. ^ Braff 2009, p. 152.
  49. ^ Braff 2009, p. 164.
  50. ^ Braff 2009, p. 97.
  51. ^ Braff 2009, p. 575.
  52. ^ Braff 2009, p. 549.
  53. ^ Braff 2009, p. 333.
  54. ^ Braff 2009, p. 314.
  55. ^ Braff 2009, p. 137.
  56. ^ THE CAREER OF WATERLOO PETERSON at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  57. ^ Braff 2009, p. 522.
  58. ^ Braff 2009, p. 480.
  59. ^ THE SPY at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  60. ^ Braff 2009, p. 404.
  61. ^ Braff 1999, p. 438.
  62. ^ Braff 2009, p. 207.
  63. ^ Braff 2009, p. 237.
  64. ^ Braff 2009, p. 554.
  65. ^ Braff 2009, p. 193.
  66. ^ Braff 2009, p. 374.
  67. ^ AT THE FOOT OF THE STAIRS at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  68. ^ Braff 2009, p. 26.
  69. ^ Braff 2009, p. 490.
  70. ^ Braff 2009, p. 208.
  71. ^ Braff 2009, p. 54.
  72. ^ Braff 2009, p. 167.
  73. ^ a b c d Braff 2009, p. 52.
  74. ^ Braff 2009, p. 332.
  75. ^ Braff 2009, p. 291.
  76. ^ Braff 2009, p. 362.
  77. ^ Braff 2009, p. 113.
  78. ^ Braff 2009, p. 563.
  79. ^ Braff 2009, p. 320.
  80. ^ "Progressive Silent Film List: The Master Key". silentera.com. Carl Bennett and the Silent Era Company. May 1, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2025. LOC Chpt 5 extant
  81. ^ Braff 2009, p. 229.
  82. ^ Braff 2009, p. 205.
  83. ^ Cergol, Greg (February 4, 2025). "'The Heart of Lincoln': Long-lost early 1900s silent film found on Long Island". NBC NEW YORK. Retrieved December 5, 2025.
  84. ^ Braff 2009, p. 321.
  85. ^ Braff 2009, p. 446.
  86. ^ THE SILENT COMMAND at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  87. ^ Braff 2009, p. 40.
  88. ^ HERITAGE at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  89. ^ Braff 2009, p. 289.
  90. ^ JEWEL at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  91. ^ Braff 2009, p. 53.
  92. ^ Braff 2009, p. 244.
  93. ^ "The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Database: Idols of Clay". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved December 8, 2025.
  94. ^ CHRISTMAS MEMORIES at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  95. ^ a b Braff 2009, p. 455.
  96. ^ SECRET LOVE at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  97. ^ "Progressive Silent Film List: Secret Love". silentera.com. Carl Bennett and the Silent Era Company. October 10, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2025. LOC extant
  98. ^ "Progressive Silent Film List: Secret Love". Silent Era. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
  99. ^ Braff 2009, p. 83.
  100. ^ Braff 2009, p. 581.
  101. ^ THE WINNING OF MISS CONSTRUE at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  102. ^ THE CRIPPLED HAND at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  103. ^ THE LOVEGIRL at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  104. ^ LITTLE EVE EDGARTON at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  105. ^ THE HEART OF A SHOW GIRL at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  106. ^ Braff 2009, p. 532.
  107. ^ THE BUGLER OF ALGIERS at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  108. ^ HER SOULS INSPIRATION at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  109. ^ POLLY REDHEAD at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  110. ^ A JEWEL IN PAWN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  111. ^ THE LITTLE ORPHAN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  112. ^ THE CHARMER at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  113. ^ THE SPOTTED LILY at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  114. ^ MY LITTLEBOY at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  115. ^ NEW LOVE FOR OLD at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  116. ^ BEAUTY IN CHAINS at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  117. ^ A MOTHERS SECRET at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  118. ^ WHICH WOMAN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  119. ^ THREE MOUNTED MEN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  120. ^ THE HEART OF RACHAEL at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  121. ^ UNDER THE TOP at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  122. ^ Braff 2009, p. 192.
  123. ^ IN THE NAME OF THE LAW at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  124. ^ THE HEART OF LINCOLN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  125. ^ THE THIRD ALARM at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  126. ^ THE WEST BOUND LIMITED at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  127. ^ THE FLYING DUTCHMAN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  128. ^ Goldrup 2012, pp. 594–595.
  129. ^ "Ellen Hall Langer". The Modesto Bee. Modesto, California. March 30, 1999. p. 39. Retrieved December 4, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
  130. ^ "Madam Satan – Cast & Crew". mubi.com. January 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2025. An online movie theater where you watch, discover, and discuss auteur cinema
  131. ^ MADAM SATAN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  132. ^ STREET SCENE at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  133. ^ TAXI! at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  134. ^ a b "Former cinema stars, grateful for minor roles by Rosalyn Schaeffer". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. January 22, 1933. p. 74. Retrieved December 4, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
  135. ^ Rasputin and the Empress at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  136. ^ THE BITTER TEA OF GENERAL YEN at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  137. ^ Hirschhorn 1983, p. 13.
  138. ^ "New Feature Organization Announced". The Moving Picture Weekly. New York, The Moving Picture Weekly. December 25, 1915. p. 2336. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  139. ^ "New universal brand". Motography. Electricity Magazine Corp. April 28, 1917. p. 898. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  140. ^ Stanca Mustea, Cristina (June 8, 2011). "Carl Laemmle (1867–1939)". Immigrant Entreprenuership. German Historical Institute. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

Bibliography

Further reading