Dzungar–Russian conflicts

See also: Mongolia–Russia relations
Dzungar–Russian conflicts
Part of the Russian conquest of Central Asia and the Russian conquest of Siberia

The map of Dzungaria by the Swedish prisoner of war, Johan Gustav Renat
Date17th to the 18th century
Location
Yenisei, Irtysh, Zaysan Lake, Biya, Southern Siberia, Russia and Northeast Kazakhstan
Result Dzungar victory
Territorial
changes		 The Dzungar–Russian border established on the Yenisei and Irtysh River.[1]
Belligerents
Dzungar Khanate Tsardom of Russia
Commanders and leaders
Sengge (1665–1667)
Baigorok Tayiji(1710)
Tsewang Rabtan Khan (1716)
Tseren Dhondup (1716)
Galdan Tseren (1719–1720)		 Rodion Koltsov (POW) (1665)
Cheokton  (1709)
Buchholz (1715–1716)
Likharev (1719–1720)

The Dzungar–Russian Conflicts[a] were a series of military conflicts, expeditions and raids between the Oirat led Dzungar Khanate and the Tsardom of Russia from the 17th to the 18th century. This led to Dzungar annexation of Southern Siberia and failure of the Russians to locate gold mines on Yarkent and halted their conquest of Central Asia.

Background

Main article: Russian conquest of Siberia

By the 16th century, with the Russian conquest of Kazan and destruction of the Astrakhan khanate, the Russians started their expansion for Siberia in 1582, under Yermak Timofeyevich invaded the territory of the Voguls, subjects to Kuchum Khan, ruler of the Sibir Khanate. Later with following Tatar raids and later Russian invasions, they successfully annexed the Sibir Khanate and created cities and towns to settle in and secure trade routes. In 1614, The Oirats occupied the Kuznetsk basin, where Abins and Shors inhabited the area, around the River Tom—which they engaged in mining and metal-working. The Oirats also laid claim to all the salt lakes along the middle and upper reaches of the Irtysh.[2] However, the civilians that resided on the region refused to pay tributes and work for the Oirats. This led to the Oirats siege of Kuznetsk in 1622, however they failed to capture the city.[2] Later in 1634, Erdeni Batur—the son of the Choros prince, Kharkhul—established the Dzungar Khanate on the upper Emil River and south of the Tarbagatai Mountains. He had established friendly with the Russians and granted them access to salt mines and to settle in his territory.[3] However the relations between the Dzungars and Russians were severed as the son of Erdeni, Sengge had invaded the Russians and the Khalkhas.

Course of the Conflicts

Invasion of Yenisei and Biya

Main article: Dzungar conquest of Yenisei

In 1665, The Khong Tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate—Sengge invaded the Yenisei river with the support of the Khakas. The Dzungars moved towards the Krasnoyarsk fortress, which the residents of Krasnoyarsk and its surroundings did not expect any invasion from them.[4] The Dzungars massacred the civilians outside the town walls and destroyed villages and farms—which they possibly captured food supplies.[5] Following this, the Dzungars defeated a Russian force, led by Rodion Koltsov. The Dzungars took Rodion Koltsov as a prisoner of war[6] and laid siege to the city of Krasnoyarsk in 1667,[6][7] reducing its inhabitants to starvation.[8] Sengge had demanded that the Russian authorities to recognize him as Hegemon or Suzerain of the "Kyrgyz Land", implying it is the domain of his father (Erdeni) and grandfather (Kharkhul)[9] and to release the Kyrgyz people to him. The Russians agreed to Sengge's terms with the Dzungar abandonment of the siege.[10]

In 1709, The Dzungars invaded Kuznetsk again, led by Baigarok tayiji and campaigned between the Rivers of Biya and Katun. This led to the siege and destruction of a fortification between the Biya and Katun Rivers.[11] Later, with about 4,000 cavalry, the Dzungars continued their campaign and plundered several Russian villages in the Kuznetsk district, defeating nearby garrisons on the district.[12]

Russian Expeditions to Dzungar Khanate

In 1714, I.D. Buchholz—a lieutenant colonel—received commands signed by Peter I on the St. Natalia galley:[13]

"On the capture of the city of Erket (Yarkend) and on the search for golden sand along the Darya River" (Amu Darya), "On sand gold in Bukhara, about the departures made for this, and about the construction of fortresses along the Irtysh River, which are named:Omskaya, Zhelezenskaya, Yamyshevskaya, Semipalatnaya, Ust-Kamenogorsk. Decrees ordered him to go to Tobolsk, gather a detachment there and move up the Irtysh to Yamysh Lake."

There he had to stop for the winter, build a fortress, leave a garrison in it, and then continue on his way to the city of Yarkend, where there were supposedly placers of sand gold. The fact that there is a gold deposit in those region, Peter I was convinced by the Siberian governor Prince Matvey Gagarin. On early October of 1715, the detachment led by Buccholz arrived at the Yamyshev salt lake, which the Russians started the construction of the Yamyshev fortress.[14] Months later on middle of December of 1715, Buccholz did not go further and wrote to Peter I that it was dangerous to meet the Dzungars with such a small number of troops, but the letter did not reach until August 7, 1716.[15]

Meanwhile, Tsewang Rabtan, the Khan of the Dzungar Khanate sent Buchholz a demand to leave, in which the Dzungar Khan was dissatisfied with the appearance of Russian troops. The Russian expedition force refused the demand, directly causing the Siege of Yamyshev by the Dzungar Khan's brother Tseren Dhondup to attack the fortress with an army of 10,000 men, on February 9, 1716.[16] The winter blockade of the fortress began, in which a detachment of Russians lost 2,300 people from hunger and disease, with relief and provisions sent to help were intercepted by the Dzungars, and capturing a caravan of 700 people with a food convoy and 20,000 rubles of money for salaries, as well as 600 merchants from Tobolsk, Tara and Tomsk which Buchholz did not try to repel them, showing passivity.[17]

Around 2 months later, Buchholz was forced to leave the fortress. The Dzungars razed the fortifcation; as they destroyed houses and barracks. The military supplies were sacked, and only less than 700 officers and privates left, most of whom were sick as well releasing some prisoners of war: a priest and the commissar who was at the execution.[18] However they kept the Swedish soldier, Johan Renat as their prisoner of war.

In 1719, another expedition was organized led by I. M. Likharev, which reached Lake Zaysan. However the Dzungars in leadership of Galdan Tseren attacked the Russian forces at Lake Zaysan in 1720.[19] This forced for Likharev's to return to Tobolsk.[20] After the battle, the Dzungar–Russian border was established on the Yenisei and Irtysh River.[21]

Notes

  1. ^ These were only a series of border conflicts as the Dzungars and the Russians never went into a full-scale war.

References

  1. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS. p. 532.
  2. ^ a b Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 177. ISBN 92-3-103876-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  3. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 146. ISBN 92-3-103876-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ^ (Gorod u Krasnogo Yara, p. 54).
  5. ^ (Butanaev, p. 144)
  6. ^ a b Shamilevich, Umetbaev Timur. ДЖУНГАРЫ У СТЕН КРАСНОЯРСКА 1667 ГОД Уметбаев Тимур Шамилевич [DZUNGARS AT THE WALLS OF KRASNOYARSK 1667 Umetbaev Timur Shamilevich] (in Russian).
  7. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 92-3-103876-1.
  8. ^ Службы «на крови». Служилые люди красноярского острога и борьба с енисейскими киргизами в конце XVII столетия
  9. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 92-3-103876-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  10. ^ Boronin, O.V. (2002). Двоеданничество в Сибири XVII – 60-е. гг. XIX в. [Double tribute in Siberia XVII - 60s. XIX century Oleg Valerievich Boronin] (in Russian). Barnaul: Boronin, O.V., Edited by V.A. Moiseev. - Barnaul, 2002. p. 83.
  11. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 92-3-103876-1.
  12. ^ Boronin, Oleg V. "Двоеданничество в Сибири XVII - 60-е гг. XIX в." [Dual Subordination in Siberia from the 17th to the 1860s]. Двоеданничество В Сибири XVII - 60-е Гг. XIX В. (in Russian).
  13. ^ Martynov, L. (1939). Крепость на Оми: Исторический очерк [The Fortress on the Om: A Historical Sketch] (in Russian). Omsk: Омскоблиздат.
  14. ^ Martynov, L. (1939). Крепость на Оми: Исторический очерк [The Fortress on the Om: A Historical Sketch] (in Russian). Omsk: Омскоблиздат.
  15. ^ "Бухгольц, Иван Димитриевич" [Buchholz, Ivan Dmitrievich]. Энциклопедический лексикон (in Russian). Vol. 7: Бра—Бял. СПб: Тип. А. Плюшара. 1836. p. 622.
  16. ^ Perdue, P.C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge: the Belknap press of Harvard university press, Peter C. Perdue. p. 212. ISBN 0-674-01684-X.
  17. ^ Chulkov, Mikhail (1785). Историческое описание Российской коммерции при всех портах и границах от древних времён до ныне настоящего [Historical Description of Russian Commerce at All Ports and Borders from Ancient Times to the Present] (in Russian). Vol. 3. М.: Универ. тип. p. 447.
  18. ^ Chulkov, Mikhail (1785). Историческое описание Российской коммерции при всех портах и границах от древних времён до ныне настоящего [Historical Description of Russian Commerce at All Ports and Borders from Ancient Times to the Present] (in Russian). Vol. 3. М.: Универ. тип. p. 447.
  19. ^ Baabar, Unknown (2000). "History of Mongolia" "From World Power to Soviet Satellite". Baabar. p. 84.
  20. ^ Российско-казахские отношения в XVI–XIX вв [Russian-Kazakh Relations in the 16th–19th Centuries] (in Russian).
  21. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS. p. 532.
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