Diphasiastrum

Diphasiastrum
Diphasiastrum complanatum (previously called Lycopodium complanatum).
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Embryophytes
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Lycophytes
Class: Lycopodiopsida
Order: Lycopodiales
Family: Lycopodiaceae
Subfamily: Lycopodioideae
Genus: Diphasiastrum
Holub
Species

See text

Diphasiastrum is a genus of clubmosses in the plant family Lycopodiaceae. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the subfamily Lycopodioideae.[1] It is closely related to the genus Lycopodium, and some botanists treat it within a broad view of that genus as a section, Lycopodium sect. Complanata. Plants of the World Online (POWO), for example, considers Diphasiastrum to be a synonym of the genus Lycopodium.[2] The genus was first proposed by Josef Holub in 1975, who characterized the species by their dorsiventral structure of branchlets, their chromosome number, and their special type of prothallium.[3] Some species superficially resemble diminutive gymnosperms and have been given common names such as ground-pine or ground-cedar.

Features which Holub found to be distinct in most Diphasiastrum species inclulde distinct differences between dorsal and ventral surfaces of leaves, leaves arranged in 3 parallel planes (dorsal, lateral and ventral), leaves coming in 2 or 3 distinct forms, leaves arranged opposite and decussate on the stem, pairs of lateral leaves alternating with pairs consisting of one dorsal and one ventral leaf, complex prothallia, and typically 23 basal chromosomes.[3]

There are 16 species, and numerous natural hybrids in the genus; many of the hybrids are fertile, allowing their occurrence to become frequent, sometimes more so than the parent species. The basal chromosome count for this genus is n=23, which is distinctively different from other lycopods.[3]

Several species have been used economically for their spores, which are harvested as Lycopodium powder.

Etymology

Holub derived the name of the genus from the similar genus Diphasium, to which he added the termination "-astrum," meaning an incomplete or false resemblance.[3][4] Diphasium, in turn, derives its name from "di-" meaning "two," and "phasis," meaning "appearance" or "phase," referring to the leaf arrangement in two parallel (dorsal and ventral) planes.[5]

Species

As of June 2024, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized the following species:[6]

Selected hybrids

Some species are treated as hybrids, although not by all sources:[6]

  • Diphasiastrum × habereri (House) Holub (D. digitatum × D. tristachyum)
  • Diphasiastrum × issleri (Rouy) Holub (syn. D. issleri, D. alpinum × D. complanatum)
  • Diphasiastrum × oellgaardii Stoor, Boudrie, Jérôme, K.Horn & Bennert (D. alpinum × D. tristachyum)
  • Diphasiastrum × sabinifolium (Willd.) Holub (syn. D. sabinifolium, D. sitchense × D. tristachyum)
  • Diphasiastrum × takedae Ivanenko (D. alpinum × D. sitchense)
  • Diphasiastrum × verecundum A.V.Gilman (D. complanatum × D. digitatum)
  • Diphasiastrum × zeilleri (Rouy) Holub (D. complanatum × D. tristachyum)

Distribution

The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution, in much of the Northern Hemisphere, south in mountains to South America (reaching furthest south in Jujuy Province, northwest Argentina), New Guinea and the Marquesas Islands in the Pacific Ocean, but confined to climates with high humidity for most or all of the year (or, in cool climates, protected by snow cover in winter).

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diphasiastrum.
Wikispecies has information related to Diphasiastrum.
  1. ^ PPG I (2016), "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns", Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 54 (6): 563–603, doi:10.1111/jse.12229, S2CID 39980610
  2. ^ "Diphasiastrum Holub | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-05-20.
  3. ^ a b c d Holub, Josef (1975). "Diphasiastrum, a new genus in Lycopodiaceae" (PDF). Preslia. 47: 97–110.
  4. ^ "-astrum", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 2024-10-05, retrieved 2026-05-20
  5. ^ Presl, Jan Svatopluk (1845). "Botanische Bemerkungen". Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften von den Jahren 1843-1844. series 5:bd. 3 (1843-1844): 583. Archived from the original on 2025-04-21 – via BHL.
  6. ^ a b Hassler, Michael. "Diphasiastrum". World Ferns. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
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