Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase
| Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 1.1.1.219 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 98668-58-7 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
The three substrates of this enzyme are aromadendrin ((+)-dihydrokaempferol), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and a proton. Its products are leucopelargonidin and oxidised NADP+.[1][2][3]
This enzyme is an oxidoreductase with the systematic name cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (DFR), dihydromyricetin reductase, NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase, and dihydroquercetin reductase. It participates in flavonoid biosynthesis.[4]
Function
Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase is part of the biosynthetic pathway to anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, which are common plant pigments.[5]
In addition to converting aromadendrin to leucopelargonidin, it converts ampelopsin ((+)-dihydromyricetin) to leucodelphinidin.[6][3]
A cDNA for this reductase has been cloned from the orchid Bromheadia finlaysoniana.[7]
Researchers in Japan have genetically manipulated roses by using RNA interference to knock out the endogenous enzyme and add a gene for an alternative reductase found in an iris; or add a gene for the blue pigment, delphinidin, to create a blue rose, which is being sold worldwide.[8][9]
Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase is also an enzyme on the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the enzyme uses sinapaldehyde or coniferyl aldehyde or coumaraldehyde to produce sinapyl alcohol or coniferyl alcohol or coumaryl alcohol respectively.[10]
Structural studies
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2C29 and 2IOD.
References
- ^ Enzyme 1.1.1.219 at KEGG Pathway Database.
- ^ Heller W, Forkmann G, Britsch L, Grisebach H (1985). "Enzymatic reduction of (+)-dihydroflavonols to flavan-3,4-cis- diols with flower extracts from Matthiola incana and its role in anthocyanin biosynthesis". Planta. 165 (2): 284–287. Bibcode:1985Plant.165..284H. doi:10.1007/BF00395052. PMID 24241054. S2CID 29590896.
- ^ a b Stafford HA; Lester HH (1985). "Flavan-3-ol biosynthesis the conversion of (+)- dihydromyricetin to its flavan-3,4-diol (leucodelphinidin) and to (+)-gallocatechin by reductases extracted from tissue-cultures of Ginkgo biloba and Pseudotsuga-menziesii". Plant Physiol. 78 (4): 791–794. doi:10.1104/pp.78.4.791. PMC 1064823. PMID 16664326.
- ^ Ververidis, Filippos; Trantas, Emmanouil; Douglas, Carl; Vollmer, Guenter; Kretzschmar, Georg; Panopoulos, Nickolas (2007). "Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health". Biotechnology Journal. 2 (10): 1214–1234. doi:10.1002/biot.200700084. PMID 17935117.
- ^ Nakajima J, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K (July 2001). "Reaction mechanism from leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin 3-glucoside, a key reaction for coloring in anthocyanin biosynthesis". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (28): 25797–803. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100744200. PMID 11316805.
- ^ "Leucodelphinidin biosynthesis". MetaCyc. SRI International.
- ^ The isolation, molecular characterization and expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase cDNA in the orchid, Bromheadia finlaysoniana. Chye-Fong Liew, Chiang-Shiong Loh, Chong-Jin Goh and Saw-Hoon Lim, Plant Science, Volume 135, Issue 2, 10 July 1998, Pages 161–169, doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00071-5
- ^ Katsumoto Y et al (2007) Engineering of the Rose Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Successfully Generated Blue-Hued Flowers Accumulating Delphinidin Plant Cell Physiol. 48(11): 1589–1600 [1]
- ^ Phys.Org website. April 4, 2005 Plant gene replacement results in the world's only blue rose
- ^ "Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase". Arabidopsis Reactome. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Further reading