Demir Khan
| Demir Khan | |
|---|---|
Undated coin minted by Demir Khan. | |
| Bey of Karasi | |
| Reign | c. 1328 – 1332 |
| Predecessor | Karasi Bey |
| Successor | Yakhshi Khan |
| Died | c. 1347[1] |
| Issue | Jüje Khan |
| Father | Karasi Bey |
| Religion | Islam |
Demir Khan was Bey of Karasi from c. 1328 to 1332.[2]
According to modern historian Elizabeth Zachariadou, Demir Khan inherited the throne from his father and successor Karasi Bey.[3] Demir Khan was the ruler of Balıkesir, while his brother Yakhshi Khan controlled the area around Pergamos, though Zachariadou pointed out Demir Khan was likely the senior emir.[4] Demir Khan was also identified as Yakhshi Khan's son,[5] specifically by the Byzantine historian and Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347–54), which is claimed to be false by several historians.[6]
Demir Khan harassed the towns near Cyzicus[7] and raided coastal parts of southern Balkans through his naval forces based in the Sea of Marmara.[8] For this matter, Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III (r. 1328–41) met with Demir Khan in Pegai in 1328, when they signed a treaty. In 1333, Demir Khan met with the Maghrebi traveller Ibn Battuta.[7] Ibn Battuta deemed Demir Khan a "worthless" person like the population of Balıkesir,[9] and mentioned that the former was disliked by his own people.[10] According to historian al-Uryan, the ruler of Pergamos was "Senbogha", who was subordinate to Demir Khan.[11] Some modern historians maintain that Demir Khan had a short reign.[9]
Demir Khan is alternatively identified as Karasi's later ruler (Yakhshi's son).[5] Claude Cahen proposes that Ajlan, the Karasid prince mentioned by Ottoman sources (died c. 1335) may have been Karasi Bey's nickname, and so his sons who were involved in a dynastic conflict may be Demir Khan and Yakhshi Khan (named Dursun). Dursun was subsequently killed, and the Ottomans thus annexed the territory.[12]
References
- ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı (2015). Osmanlı Tarihi 1. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 83. ISBN 978-9751600110.
- ^ Zachariadou 1991, p. 235.
- ^ Zachariadou 1991, p. 227.
- ^ Zachariadou 1991, pp. 228–229.
- ^ a b Cahen & de Planhol 1978; Günal 2001, p. 488–489.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1969, p. 98; Zachariadou 1991, p. 228.
- ^ a b Zachariadou 1991, p. 228.
- ^ Günal 2001, pp. 488–489.
- ^ a b Zachariadou 1991, p. 229.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1969, p. 98.
- ^ Foss 2022, p. 206.
- ^ Cahen & de Planhol 1978.
Bibliography
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780231107143. OCLC 35029627.
- Cahen, Claude & de Planhol, Xavier (1978). "Ḳarasi̊". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 758278456.
- Foss, Clive (2022). The Beginnings of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198865438.
- Günal, Zerrin (2001). "Karesioğulları". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 488–489. ISBN 978-975-389-451-7.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1969). Anadolu Beylikleri Ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri [Anatolian Beyliks and Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu States] (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press. ISBN 9751624576. OCLC 563553149. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- Zachariadou, Elizabeth (11–13 January 1991). "The Emirate of Karasi and That of the Ottomans: Two Rival States". The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389). Halcyon Days in Crete I. Rethymnon: Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas, Institute for Mediterranean Studies. pp. 226–236.