Cultural depictions of Belshazzar

Belshazzar (6th century BC), son of the last king of the Neo-Babylonian empire, Nabonidus, has inspired many works of art and cultural allusions, often with a religious motif. While a historical figure, depictions and portrayals of him are most often based on his appearance in the biblical story of Belshazzar's feast in the Book of Daniel. This story is the origin of the idiomatic expression "the writing is on the wall".

Idiomatic expressions

Look up writing on the wall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
See also: The Writing on the Wall (disambiguation)

The writing is on the wall

In chapter 5 in the Book of Daniel, a hand writes Hebrew letters on a wall, which Daniel interprets as "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin". These words mean that Belshazzar is doomed. The phrase "The writing is on the wall", or "The writing on the wall", has become an idiomatic expression referring to the foreshadowing of any impending doom, misfortune, or end.[1][2][3] If "the writing is on the wall" something bad is about to happen. A person who does not or refuses to see "the writing on the wall" is being described as ignorant to the signs of a cataclysmic event that will likely occur in the near future.[1] One of the earliest known uses of the phrase in English is in the writings of a Captain L. Brinckmair in 1638, during the Thirty Years' War. Brinckmair writes: "Remarkable Prodigies..are in themselves like the writing on the Wall in Beshazzars Palace, which Sooth-sayers, Astrologians, and Chaldeans could neither understand nor reade’."[4]

Mene! Mene! Tekel Upharsin!

The untranslated quote from Daniel 5:25 "Mene! Mene! Tekel Upharsin!" is also used, particularly in older sources about war and politics, such as political cartoons and newspapers.[5][6][7] It is occasionally shortened to "Mene, Tekel".[8]

One of the most widely published examples of the phrase is from Palestine in 1947. Shortly before midnight on 21 April 1947, Meir Feinstein or Moshe Barazani wrote "Mene! Mene! Tekel Upharsin!" on the walls of their shared death row cell in Jerusalem Central Prison in British-controlled Palestine, shortly before they then blew themselves to pieces.[9][10][11][12][13] Their deaths are also commonly associated with another Bible quote – let me die with the Philistines – the words of Samson from Judges 16:30.[2] Their suicide plan was named after Samson's suicide.[14][15] They made an unsuccessful last minute appeals for clemency after their families begged them to forsake their "martyrs' role".[16][17][3]

Visual arts

Music

See also: The Writing on the Wall § Music

Theatre and literature

Belshazzar had a letter —
He never had but one —
Belshazzar's Correspondent
Concluded and begun
In that immortal Copy
The Conscience of us all
Can read without its Glasses
On revelation's wall—
—Emily Dickinson, 1879

  • The fourteenth-century poem Cleanness by the Pearl Poet recounts the feast and subsequent events as a warning against spiritual impurity.[38]
  • In William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice (written between 1596 and 1599), Portia disguises herself as a lawyer's apprentice and calls herself Balthazar (in Act IV, scene i), alluding to the Biblical Belshazzar.[39]
  • Belshazzar's Feast (La cena del rey Baltasar, 17th century), an auto sacramental by Pedro Calderon de la Barca.[40]
  • In 1720[41] Jonathan Swift wrote "'Tis like the writing on the wall" in the poem "The Run Upon the Bankers", using the idiom.[42]
  • Lord Byron's poem "Vision of Belshazzar" from Hebrew Melodies (1815) includes both the feast and Daniel's pronunciation.[43]
  • The poem Belsatzar or Belsazar by Heinrich Heine is based on the feast. It appears in the collection Buch der Lieder ("Book of Songs", 1827).[44]
  • "Mene, Tekel, Upharsin" and Belshazzar is mentioned in Alexandre Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) in connection with Gérard de Villefort having one of his long past crimes come to light.[45]
  • In chapter 99 of Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick (1851), the first mate Starbuck murmur to himself "The old man seems to read Belshazzar's awful writing" as he spies Captain Ahab speaking to the doubloon he had nailed to the mast of the Pequod.[46]
  • Emily Dickinson's poem "Belshazzar had a letter" from The Poems of Emily Dickinson is about Belshazzar's divine correspondence. Her poem was written in 1879.[47][48]
  • In the novel Sister Carrie (1900), Theodore Dreiser entitles a chapter "The Feast of Belshazar – A Seer to Translate" in which the gluttony of turn-of-the-century New York City is highlighted.[49]
  • Belshazzar's Feast (Belsazars gästabud), a play from 1906 by the Swedish-speaking Finnish writer Hjalmar Procopé, based on the feast.[31][50]
  • Belshazzar is a 1930 novel by H. Rider Haggard. In it, the Egyptian Ramose's sister is sent as a gift to Belshazzar, and the feast is part of the plot.[51]
  • In H. P. Lovecraft's novella The Shadow Over Innsmouth (written 1931, published 1936), the character Zadok Allen says "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin", a reference to the Book of Daniel.[52]
  • Robert Frost's poem "The Bearer of Evil Tidings" (1936), is about a messenger headed to Belshazzar's court to deliver the news of the king's imminent overthrow. Remembering that evil tidings were a "dangerous thing to bear," the messenger flees to the Himalayas rather than facing the monarch's wrath.[53]
  • In Wallace Stevens' poem "Country Words" (1937) the poet sings a canto to Belshazzar and wants him "reading right".[54]
  • In Fazil Iskander's novel Sandro of Chegem (1983), one of the chapters depicting a dinner involving an Abkhazian dance ensemble and Joseph Stalin is titled "Belshazzar's Feast".[55] The story was filmed in 1989.[56]

Film and television

See also: The Writing on the Wall § Film and television

References

  1. ^ a b
    • Oliver, Harry (5 October 2010). Bees Knees and Barmy Armies – Origins of the Words and Phrases we Use Every Day. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 9781857829440. Retrieved 10 September 2018 – via Google Books.
    • Lennox, Doug (1 November 2010). Now You Know The Bible. Dundurn. ISBN 9781554888276. Retrieved 10 September 2018 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b "The writing on the wall". The Jerusalem Post. Israel. 19 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2021-10-16. They received a note from underground members about a plan to take their own lives while killing some British policemen during the moments preceding the hanging. It was termed "Operation Shimshon" after the biblical Samson who brought down with him the crowded Philistine temple, claiming "let me die with the Philistines". Barazani and Feinstein were eager to carry out the plan.
  3. ^ a b "JEW TERRORISTS CHEAT THE HANGMAN: Blew Themselves Up With Hand Grenades". Border Morning Mail. London, via Albury, NSW: Trove, National Library of Australia. 23 April 1947. p. 1. Meyer Feinstein and Moshe Barazani, two Jewish terrorists, who were under sentence of death, after having lodged appeals for clemency with the High Commissioner for Palestine (Sir Alan Cunningham) on the eve of their execution, blew themselves up in Jerusalem Central Prison last night, it is reported from Jerusalem... (section) WRITING ON THE WALL: The correspondent adds that Feinstein and Barazani are reported to have inscribed on the walls of tiieir cell before suiciding the Biblical words, "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin", which are mentioned in the Book of Daniel, chapter 5, verse 25. (The story of "the writing on the wall" is told in chapter 5 of the Book of Daniel. At a great feast given by Belshazzar, King of the Chaldeans, a hand appeared and wrote on the wall a message which no one except Daniel was able to interpret. Daniel told the king that he had lifted himself up against the Lord of heaven, and had praised the gods of silver, of gold, of brass, iron, wood and stones; but the God in whose hand was his breath and his ways, lie had not glorified. And the meaning of the writing was: "God has numbered thy kingdom and finished it; thou art weighed in the balances and art found wanting; they kingdom is divided and given to the Modes and Persians." That night Belshazzar was slam, and Darius the Median took the kingdom.)
  4. ^ "Where does 'the writing is on the wall' come from?". OxfordWords blog. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Museum number: 1851,0901.1124 | Title: "Object The Hand-Writing upon the Wall". | Object Type: print; satirical print". The British Museum. British Museum. Description: Napoleon presides at a feast with Joséphine seated on his left. A sumptuous dessert is on the table, with dishes moulded to represent English buildings, &c. Napoleon has begun to devour 'St James's', but has dropped his fork, and looks round in horror at the words 'Mene Mene, Tekel, Upharsin' (l.) at which the arm of Jehovah points. This emerges from clouds, the other arm holds over the head of Napoleon a pair of scales; one, inscribed 'Vive le Roi', contains a crown and outweighs the other, 'Despotism', which flies in the air, spilling the contents, shackles and a bonnet rouge.
  6. ^ "Museum number: 1868,0808.7748 | Title Object: The hand-writing on the wall. | Object Type: print; satirical print". Bibliographic references: BM Satires / Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (11288). Print made by: Anonymous. The British Museum. 1809. Description: The Duke of York (left) stands on one of a pair of scales; the other scale is inscribed Truth; though empty it rests on the (carpeted) floor, while the Duke rises up, terrified to see (right) a hand emerging from clouds and pointing to large irradiated letters: Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin [thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting]. The word Justice, also irradiated, is immediately above the beam of the scales.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ Examples from newspapers:
    • "MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN!". The Star. Christchurch, New Zealand: Star Media Company Ltd. 4 February 1916 – via Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand. At the end of his speech in the Reichstag Dr Helfferich said: "On the golden pillars of the British Empire gleams in flaming characters 'Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin!" There are, doubtless, innumerable instances of the use of these ominous and striking words by public speakers from the time of the prophet Daniel until now, writes a correspondent of the "Westminster Gazette". Perhaps the most interesting of them for us today occurred in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles when William I. was proclaimed German Emperor. The ceremony took the form of a Lutheran service, with a sermon by Dr Rogge on the above text addressed to France. Thus did German theology, triumphing in the Palace of the Kings of France, administer its gracious kick to a fallen foe. But, in spite of Dr Rogge's maledictions, France has not only survived, but has shown powers of resilience and recuperation that have astonished the world; and we may venture to hope that the British Empire will also survive and flourish in spite of the flamboyant denunciation of Dr Helfferich. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
    • "KAISER'S CRUMBLING POWER". Stockton Herald, South Durham and Cleveland Advertiser. 19 December 1914. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive. KAISER'S CRUMBLING POWER. "In his sleepless nights", writes M. Georges Berthoulat, editor of the "Liberté", "the Kaiser realises that his aggressions have raised up against him the holy alliance of the people that mean to remain free. "Before his scared vision flashes the avenging sword of that France which his agents represented to him as decadent and given over to party squabbles. "He reads on the hangings of his Royal chamber like a "Mene mene tekel upharsin" his own mad words about the contemptible little army of General French, and, like the impenitent criminal who sees the knife of the guillotine rising before him in his dreams, William of Hohenzollern lamente over his crumbling power". Link: "www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk".
    • "MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. LABOUR AND LIBERALISM IN THE NUNEATON DIVISION". Kenilworth Advertiser. Kenilworth, England, United Kingdom. 28 February 1914. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive. Link: "www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk".
    • "FURIOUS SCENE IN REICHSTAG". Hawera & Normanby Star. Berlin, via Taranaki, New Zealand: Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand. 19 March 1917. There was a furious scene in the Reichstao- when the Socialist Hoffman said the revolution in Russia was the "Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin" (the Writing on the Wall) for the Hohenzollerns. After a disturbance, Hoffman was ejected.
    • "THE HOHENZOLLERNS WARNING. THE WRITING ON THE WALL". Wanganui Chronicle. Vol. LX, no. 16927. Berlin, via Wanganui, New Zealand. 19 March 1917. p. 5. There was a furious scene in the Reichstag when the Socialist Hoffman said the revolution in Russia, was the "Mene Mene Tekel Uphajrsin" (the Writing on the Wall) for the Hohenzollerns. After a disturbance, Hoffman was ejected. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
    • "Writing on the Gate". Dominion (Volume 26, Issue 110, Page 11). Vol. 26, no. 110. Wellington, New Zealand. 2 February 1933. p. 11. Sir, Regarding the humorist who decorated the gate of the Molesworth Ministerial residence, you remark that the generally-accepted meaning of the Aramaic (not the old Hebrew) words "Mene, mene, tekel upharsin" is "Thou hast been weighed in the balance and found wanting". This is true in part, but as regards the individual words, "mene, tekel", etc., there is no doubt a controversy as to their correct meaning. The meanings of these words, which may interest some of your readers, are as follow: Mene, "numbered"; tekel, "weighed"; upharsin, "and dividing". These words are all participle forms, the Iast being only active and in the plural, which in the singular is peres (see Daniel v, 28). The "u" in upharsin is simply the conjunction "and", while the termination "-in" indicates the plural form. The "symbolic" interpretations of the above words are given in Daniel v, 26-28, one of which (tekel) is mystically interpreted to mean "Thou art weighed in the balances and art found wanting". Like-wise, the symbolic meanings of mene and peres occur in verses 26 and 28 of the chap, referred to above. I am, etc. LASHON-IBRITH. Wellington, January 31. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
  8. ^ "MENE, TEKEL". Morning Post. 17 March 1917. p. 9 – via British Newspaper Archive. MENE, TEKEL "The revolution in Russia should be the Mene, Tekel for our rulers. (Commotion on the Right.) The German 'U'-boat warfare is "opposed to the laws of humanity and international law'.
  9. ^ Cohen, Geula. התפוז שבער – סיפורם של הרוגי המלכות משה ברזני ומאיר פיינשטיין [The Burning Orange: The Story of the Royal Martyrs Moshe Barzani and Meir Feinstein] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-06-30. קול הנפץ שבקע אותו לילה מצינוק המוות בירושלים הלך מסוף העולם ועד סופו. שני בני ירושלים של מטה, שהגיעו בדרך אפופת רזים ועוטה הוד תהומי שכזה לירושלים של מעלה, הביכו את העולם, העירו בו פחדים קדומים והולידו את השמועה, שלאחר מותם של פיינשטיין וברזני, נמצאה חקוקה על כותלי התא שלהם אותה הכתובת המיסתורית שבספר דניאל: "מנא מנא תקל ופרסין", המנבאה את יום בוא החורבן למלכות הרשע בעולם, יום בו יעשה אלוהי ישראל חשבון עם אוייבי ישראל, ימנה וישקול את חטאיהם וישבור את ממלכתם. [...after the deaths of Feinstein and Barzani, the same mysterious inscription from the Book of Daniel was found engraved on the walls of their cell: "Mene, Mene, Tekel Uphaisin", which prophesies the day of the coming destruction of the kingdoms of evil in the world, a day when the God of Israel will take account of Israel's enemies, count and weigh their sins and break their kingdom.]
  10. ^ "THE CELL SUICIDES". Liverpool Echo. 22 April 1947. p. 6 – via British Newspaper Archive. They used for the purpose hollowed grapefruit and oranges containing explosives, which they placed against their hearts. This was the explanation given at the inquest on the two men today... Police announced that each terrorist placed a grenade against his heart and detonated it... According to one unconfirmed report to-day, the terrorists who committed suicide inscribed the Biblical words "Mene, mene, tekel upharsin" on the walls of their cells before killing themselves. The words are mentioned in the Book of Daniel, chapter 5, verses 25-28, and the Biblical account is that Daniel translated the words which were magically written on the walls of the palace of Belshazzar, King of the Medes and Persians, during a great feast...
  11. ^
    • Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand:
    • "RABBI ARRESTED: SUICIDE OF JEWISH TERRORISTS BLEW THEMSELVES UP IN PRISON". Ashburton Guardian.(Volume 67, Issue 163). Vol. 67, no. 163. Jerusalem (April 22), via Ashburton, New Zealand. N.Z. Press Association. 23 April 1947. p. 5. The Jewish terrorists, Meyer Feinstein and Moshe Barazani. who were to have been executed at dawn to-day, blew themselves to pieces shortly before* midnight. The men, who occupied the same cell, were visited by Rabbi Jacob Goldman. Jewish chaplain to prisons. and he administered the last rites. They committed suicide soon after he left. Goldman was immediately taken to police headquarters. Feinstein and Barazani are reported to have inscribed Biblical words "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin" on the walls of their cell before killing themselves with hahd-grenades. It was earlier reported that the authorities imposed a dusk to dawn curfew on the Jewish areas of Jerusalem until further notice. The curfew is believed to have been imposed because of the impending execution of the terrorists, Feinstein and Barazani, who were in the Jerusalem central prison. Feinstein and Barazani appealed to the High Commissioner (LieutenantGeneral Sir Alan Cunningham) for clemency.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link) (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
    • "Committed Suicide In Ceil". Northern Advocate. Whangārei, New Zealand. 23 April 1947. p. 5. The Jewish terrorists Meyer Fienstein and Moshe Barazani, who were to have been executed at dawn today, blew themselves to pieces shortly before midnight... Rabbi Goldman was immediately taken to police headquarters. Feinstein and Barazani are reported to have inscribed the Biblical words: "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin" on the walls of their cell before killing themselves with hand grenades. The reference to Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin recalls the feast of Belshazzar recorded in the Book of Darnel. King Belshazzar, desecrating the gold and silver vessels which his father, Nebuchadnezzar, had taken from the temple at Jerusalem, was terrified when the fingers of a man's hand wrote words on the plaster of the wall of the great dining hall in which the liotous feast was being held. He called in his astrologers and others to interpret the meaning of the words, but it was not until Daniel appeared that the King learned thenfatal significance. Daniel gave the interpretation as follows: "Mene: God hath numbered thy kingdom and finished it. Tekel: Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting. Peres (Upharsin): Thy kingdom is divided and given to the Modes and Persians. "In that' night was Belshazzar the King of the Chaldeans slain, and Darius the Median took the kingdom". Creative Commons New Zealand BY-NC-SA licence
    • "Condemned Jews Blow Themselves To Pieces In Cell". Hawke's Bay Herald-Tribune. Vol. 90, no. 180. Jerusalem, via Hawke's Bay, New Zetland. 23 April 1947. p. 5. Feinstein and Barazani are reported to have inscribed the Biblica! words "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin" on the walls of their cell before killing themselves with hand-grenades. The words quoted are from the Book of Daniel, chapter five, verse 25. The following verses run: "And this is the interpretation of the thing; Mene; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. Tekel; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. Peres; Thy kingdom is divlded and given to the Medes and Persians." Daniel in this passage was interpreting to King Belshazzer the meaning of a writing which had appeared on the wall of the king's palace. That night King Belshazzer was slain. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
    • "HANGMAN DEFEATED BY CONDEMNED MEN IN PALESTINE". Grey River Argus. Jerusalem, via Greymouth, New Zealand. 23 April 1947. p. 5. The Jewish terrorists Feinstein and Barazini were to have been executed at dawn to-day. However, they blew themselves to pieces shortly before midnight. The two men occupied the same cell. They were visited by Rabbi Jacob Goldman, Jewish chaplain to prisons, and he administered to them the last rites. Tile men committed suicide shortly after he left. Rabbi Goldman was immediately taken to the police headquarters. Feinstein and Barazini are reported to have inscribed the Biblical words, "Mene! Mene! Tekel Upharsin!" on the walls of their ceil before killing themselves with hand grenades. The words quoted are those mentioned in the Book of Daniel, chapter five, verse twenty-five.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
    • "TERRORISTS UNDER DEATH SENTENCE COMMIT SUICIDE". Greymouth Evening Star. Jerusalem, via Greymouth, New Zealand. 23 April 1947. The Jewish terrorists, Meyer Feinstein and Moshe Barazani, who were to have been executed at dawn today, blew themselves to pieces shortly before midnight. The men, who occupied the same cell in the Jerusalem Central Prison, were visited by Rabbi Jacob Goldman, Jewish chaplain to the prisons, and he adminishered the last rites. They committed suicide shortly after he had left. Rabbi Goldman was immediately taken to police headquarters. Feinstein and Barazani are reported to have inscribed the biblical words "Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin" on the walls of their cell before killing themselves with hand grenades. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
  12. ^
  13. ^ "JEWISH TERRORISTS SUICIDE; CHEAT FIRING SQUAD". Daily Advertiser. Jerusalem, via Wagga Wagga, NSW: Trove, National Library of Australia. Reuter's correspondent and British United Press. 23 April 1947.
  14. ^ Sheleg, Yair [in Hebrew] (7 April 2007). הסוהר הטוב. haaretz.co.il (in Hebrew). Israel: Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2024-12-25. English version: Sheleg, Yair (7 April 2007). "The Good Jailer". haaretz.com (English ed.). Haaretz.
  15. ^ כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין [All the way to the gallows: The last days of Meir Feinstein]. Makor Rishon. Israel. 27 July 2017.
  16. ^ "Suicide Bombs in Fruit". Lancashire Evening Post. Lancashire. Reuter a.. B.U.P. 22 April 1947. p. 1 – via British Newspaper Archive. This new terrorist attack came a few hours after two condemned Jewish terrorists had committed suicide in their cell by detonating explosives against their hearts. The men were to have been hanged at dawn to-day. | Suicide Bombs in Fruit | Explosives hidden in hollowed grapefruit or oranges were used by the two condemned Jewish terrorists, Mayer Feinstein and Moshe Barazani, who committed suicide in Jerusalem Central Prison shortly before midnight. This was the explanation given at the coroner's inquest held in Jerusalem today. The explosives were of the most powerful kind, and rivets recovered from the cell were similar to those in the bomb recently planted outside a Jerusalem football ground. | MERCY PLEA | The two terrorists had earlier appealed to General Sir Alan Cunningham, the Palestine High Commissioner – the first mercy plea that Jewish terrorists have made to the only man who could commute their sentences to life imprisonment. The two men appealed after their relatives had pleaded with them for hours in the prison yesterday to forsake their "martyrs' role". The sentence on Feinstein had been passed for complicity in the blowing up of Jerusalem railway station last October. Barazani was convicted of carrying Mills bombs.
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