Chile–Ecuador relations

Chile - Ecuador relations

Chile
Ecuador

Chilean–Ecuadorian relations refer to official and bilateral tie between Chile and Ecuador. Two countries have embassies in respective capitals.

The two nations build a strong and strategic alliance as both Ecuador and Chile share common foe toward Peru, and till this day, two countries have boosted strong cooperation.[1]

History

Chile and Ecuador were both parts of the Spanish Empire until the Latin American wars of independence that saw Ecuador and Chile together freed from Spanish domination.[2] However, in most of mid-19th century, Chile and Ecuador were mostly trade partners and little to none of their relations had been recorded.

However, due to the War of the Pacific, Chile and Ecuador became strategic allies as relations with Peru worsened. Chile had invaded Peru during the war, while Ecuador had historical boundary conflict with Peru. This strategic alliance boosted as Ecuador and Chile together faced increasing Peruvian scrutiny toward two countries, and the strategic alliance remains still today.[1] Military cooperation with Ecuador grew considerably after the War of the Pacific with Chile sending instructors to the military academy in Quito and selling superfluous arms and munitions to Ecuador.[3] Despite Chile's over-all good relations with Ecuador both countries had a minor diplomatic crisis resulting from the capture of the Peruvian torpedo boat Alay in Ecuadorian territorial waters during the war.[4]

Throughout the 20th century, Ecuador and Chile had deepened their alliance. Though Chile was part of ABC Pact composing Brazil, Chile and Argentina, Chile had sided with Ecuador in a number of conflict with Peru. Chile acted as mediator for Ecuador during the 1941 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War.[5] Chile together with the other ABC Powers and the USA were among the guarantors of the Rio Protocol that followed the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War in 1942.[6]

Chile had secretly supported Ecuador during the Cenepa War against Peru, providing worth 600 million dollars arms for Ecuadorian Armed Forces.[7] Peru had accused Chile for meddling on its affairs and demanded Chile to stay out from the conflict. Chile also helped negotiating for Ecuador post-Cenepa War.[8]

Economic and military cooperation

In June 2018, the presidents of both countries announced their commitment to formally advance negotiations toward a Free Trade Agreement between Chile and Ecuador, considering that in 2018 bilateral trade grew by 8.6%, reaching a total of 2.109 billion USD.[9]

On 13 August 2020, the Commercial Integration Agreement between the Republic of Ecuador and Chile was signed via a virtual link. The agreement, signed by Presidents Lenín Moreno and Sebastián Piñera, replaced Economic Complementation Agreement No. 65, which had been signed on 10 March 2008. The new agreement contains 24 chapters, including provisions on agriculture, public procurement, market access, electronic commerce, among others. It was estimated that around 710 Ecuadorian companies exporting 1.614 billion USD annually to Chile would be the main beneficiaries of the treaty. According to the Ecuadorian president, maize and rice could be exported to Chile under improved conditions, while sugar and its tariff subheadings, representing 21,000 tonnes, would be exported duty-free.[10]

Ecuador and Chile had already had an agreement known as the Economic Complementation Agreement, which had been in force since 2010. That document allowed 97% of Ecuadorian goods sent to that market to be free of tariffs. The new text achieves 100% coverage for Ecuador.[11]

In tourism, since 2008 the Ecuadorian government has abolished tourist visas for citizens of all nationalities (with some exceptions) for a maximum stay of 90 days. The government of Chile, applying the principle of reciprocity, grants the same exemption to Ecuadorian citizens. With the aim of facilitating the free movement of people between South American countries for tourism purposes, both Chileans and Ecuadorians are exempt from using a passport to enter the respective country, requiring only a valid and current national identity card.[12]

In macroeconomic terms, Chile mainly exports to Ecuador non-alcoholic compound preparations for beverages, fruits (apples, grapes, and peaches), copper-derived products, and medicines. Ecuador mainly exports crude petroleum oils, fruits (bananas, pineapples, and hearts of palm), tuna, and shrimp to Chile.

In 2022, trade between the two countries amounted to 1.705 billion USD, representing an average annual growth of –4.3% over the last five years. Chile’s main exports were food preparations, tanker ships, and fresh apples, while Ecuador mainly exported crude petroleum oils and bananas.[13]

Ecuador and Chile have increased their humanitarian and economic collaboration. There is a strong student exchange between Ecuador and Chile.[14] Chile and Ecuador also have strong economic ties as two nations work in agriculture, industrialization and natural resource collaboration.[15]

Two countries also share military and defensive pact.[16]

Diplomatic missions

  • Chile has an embassy in Quito and a consulate-general in Guayaquil.
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Santiago.

References

  1. ^ a b "Luis Maira: "Chile tenía dos aliados históricos: Brasil y Ecuador. Hoy no están con nosotros"". February 2014.
  2. ^ "Triunfo de la Independencia". 22 August 2018.
  3. ^ Burr, Robert N. 1955. The Balance of Power in Nineteenth-Century South America: An Exploratory Essay. The Hispanic American Historical Review.
  4. ^ Tromben, Carlos (2002), "Naval Presence: The Cruiser Esmeralda in Panama" (PDF), International Journal of Naval History, 1 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-27, retrieved 2014-09-25
  5. ^ "Zarumilla War 1941 / Ecuadorian-Peruvian War of 1941".
  6. ^ Palmer, David. "Peru-Ecuador Border Conflict Missed Opportunities, Misplaced Nationalism, and Multilateral Peacekeeping". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. ISSN 0022-1937.
  7. ^ "HK33: German Arms in Ecuador".
  8. ^ "PA-X: Peace Agreements Database".
  9. ^ "Canciller Ampuero: "Chile y Ecuador comparten una serie de principios, desafíos y compromisos comunes"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile) (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  10. ^ "Ecuador firmó nuevo acuerdo comercial con Chile; ¿qué beneficios trae?". El Comercio (in Spanish). 14 August 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  11. ^ Chejín, Susana Roa (13 August 2020). "Ecuador firmó un tratado de libre comercio con Chile". GK (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  12. ^ "Convenios suscritos por nuestro país respecto del tránsito de personas - Ecuador" (PDF). Convenios de Tránsito (in Spanish). Departamento de Extranjería y Migración de Chile. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  13. ^ "Ficha país Chile-Ecuador" (PDF). Undersecretariat for International Economic Relations (in Spanish). February 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  14. ^ "Ecuador and Chile advance in the deepening of bilateral relations – Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana".
  15. ^ "Chile y Ecuador: La historia de dos economías". 5 July 2013.
  16. ^ "Chile y Ecuador con pactos militares". 27 January 2012.
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