Carlos Ometochtzin

See also: Mexican Inquisition
Carlos Ometochtzin
Died1539 (1540)
OccupationMember of the Acolhua nobility
Known forResistance to Christian evangelization

Carlos Ometochtzin (Nahuatl for "Two Rabbit"; pronounced [oːmeˈtoːtʃ.tsin]) or Ahuachpitzactzin,[1] or Chichimecatecatl (Nahuatl for "Chichimec lord," is also known simply as Don Carlos of Texcoco, was a member of the Acolhua nobility. He was executed by an episcopal Inquisition, making him known to history for his resistance to Christian evangelization.[2][3] The main source of information on Don Carlos is the record of his inquisition trial, published in 1910 by the Mexican archives.[4]

He was accused by Christian indigenous, including his own family, of continuing to practice the pre-Hispanic religion and sexually harassing his female relatives as per pre-Hispanic laws. He pleaded guilty for the sex crimes, but maintained his innocence about the religious charges to the end. He was burnt at the stake on November 30, 1539, at the order of Bishop Don Juan de Zumárraga. The act was disapproved by Spanish authorities, who subsequently removed Zumárraga from his position and established in the laws that natives were excluded from inquisitorial jurisdiction.[5] Despite his significance in popular culture, recently scholarly regards his trial as not related to religion, but of a family feud rooted in local politics and sexual mores.[6]

Biography

Don Carlos was a grandson of the famous Texcocan ruler Nezahualcoyotl through his son Nezahualpilli. He held significant lands in the Texcoco region, depicted in the Aztec codex known as the Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco, from ca. 1540 just after his execution.

Due to his lineage he aspired to become a tlatoani of Texcoco, although he never achieved his goal. Sources calling him a tlatoani trace probably to a mistake in the chronicle of Domingo Chimalpahin, who calls him Carlos Ahuachpitzactzin (possibly an entirely different person) and claims he ruled as tlatoani nine years before his execution, a timeline incompatible with most other lists of rulers of Texcoco. Ometochtzin himself never claimed the title of tlatoani in his living attestations.[7][8]

He tried to convince the previous tlatoani, Don Pedro Tetlahuehuetzquititzin, to appoint him successor.[9] He failed, with his brother Antonio Pimentel Tlahuitoltzin taking the place instead, so Ometochtzin tried to forcefully take his sister-in-law María, the widower of Tetlahuehuetzquititzin, as his concubine, which would strengthen his position according to their Pre-Hispanic laws. However, María rejected him and eventually accused him of sneaking into her house and trying to rape her, forcing her to sleep heavily guarded from then on. These acts earned Ometochtzin the enmity of most of his family, including his own wife, also baptized María, which turned decisive during his trial.[10]

In 1539, don Carlos met trial for a set of charges under Zumárraga, the first Catholic bishop of New Spain. Two of his sisters accused him of trying to take María by force and of promoting pagan polygyny, while his wife María revealed he had maintained his own niece Inés as concubine and had fathered two children with them. The indigenous peoples of Santa María Chiconautla, who were ruled by one of his sisters and her husband, then accused him of idolatry. Ometochtzin admitted the concubinage and him sneaking into the house of his sister-in-law, but denied any heretical beliefs or idol worship. Don Carlos' attorney tried to call for new witnesses, but none appeared. On November 30, he was burned in the stake.[11]

The case was ill received in the Spanish court, which had Zumárraga reassigned to a less prestigious post. The trial caused inquisitorial jurisdiction over the natives to be permanently revoked, on the basis that the indigenous were too recently converted to Christianity to be treated by the same standards and punishments as old Christians.[11]

Further reading

  • Bradley Benton, The Lords of Tetzcoco, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107190580
  • Cline, Howard F. "The Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco, 1540," in The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress, April 1966, pp. 77–115. Republished in A la Carte: Selected Papers on Maps and Atlases, Washington, DC: Library of Congress 1972, pp. 5–33.
  • Castaño, Victoria Ríos. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumárraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." Hispanic Research Journal 13, no. 1 (2012): 26–40.
  • Don, Patricia Lopes. Bonfires of Culture: Franciscans, Indigenous Leaders, and the Inquisition in Early Mexico, 1524-1540. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2010.
  • Don, Patricia Lopes. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico." Hispanic American Historical Review 88, no. 4 (2008): 573–606.
  • Don, Patricia Lopes. "Carnivals, triumphs, and rain gods in the new world: A civic festival in the city of México-Tenochtitlán in 1539." Colonial Latin American Review 6, no. 1 (1997): 17–40.
  • Garagarza, Leon Garcia. "The 1539 Trial of Don Carlos Ometochtli and the Scramble for Mount Tlaloc." Mesoamerican Memory: Enduring Systems of Remembrance (2012).
  • García Granados, Rafael (1952). "111 Ahuaxpitctzatzin". Diccionario Biográfico de Historia Antigua de Méjico. Mexico: Instituto de Historia. pp. vol. 1, pp. 34–37.
  • García Garagarza, León. "The 1539 Trial of Don Carlos Ometochtli and the Scramble for Mount Tlaloc." In Mesoamerican Memory: Enduring Systems of Remembrance, eds. Amos Megged and Stephanie Wood, 193–214. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2012.*
  • González Obregón, Luis (ed.) (1910). Proceso inquisitorial del cacique de Texcoco. Mexico: Archivo General de la Nación. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  • Greenleaf, Richard E. "Persistence of native values: the inquisition and the Indians of colonial Mexico." The Americas 50, no. 3 (1994): 351–376.
  • Greenleaf, Richard E. "The Mexican Inquisition and the Indians: sources for the ethnohistorian." The Americas 34, no. 3 (1978): 315–344.
  • Lee, Jongsoo, and Galen Brokaw. Texcoco: prehispanic and colonial perspectives. University Press of Colorado, 2014.
  • Medrano, Ethelia Ruiz, translated by Russ Davidson. "Don Carlos de Tezcoco and the Universal Rights of Emperor Carlos V." Texcoco: Prehispanic and Colonial Perspectives. University Press of Colorado (2014).
  • Smith, Kevin Paul. "Here I stand!: Don Carlos of Texcoco, the Inquisition, and the end of Aztec resistance, 1539," Master's thesis, University of California Santa Barbara 2003.
  • David Tavarez, The Invisible War: Indigenous Devotions, Discipline, and Dissent in Colonial Mexico, 2011, Stanford, ISBN 9780804777391

References

  1. ^ Rafael García Granados, Rafael. "111 Ahuaxpitctzatzin". Diccionario Biográfico de Historia Antigua de Méjico. Mexico: Instituto de Historia. pp. vol. 1, (1952) pp. 34–37.
  2. ^ Smith, Kevin Paul. "Here I stand!: Don Carlos of Texcoco, the Inquisition, and the end of Aztec resistance, 1539," Master's thesis, University of California Santa Barbara 2003.
  3. ^ Patricia Lopes Don, Bonfires of culture : Franciscans, indigenous leaders, and the Inquisition in early Mexico, 1524-1540. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2010.
  4. ^ Luis González Obregón. Proceso inquisitorial del cacique de Texcoco (1539). Mexico: Archivo General de la Nación, 1910.
  5. ^ Benton (2017), p. 43-44.
  6. ^ Benton (2017), p. 44-45.
  7. ^ Benton (2017), p. 40-41.
  8. ^ Tavarez (2011), p. 45-46.
  9. ^ Benton (2017), p. 42.
  10. ^ Benton (2017), p. 42-43.
  11. ^ a b Benton (2017), p. 44.
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