Candeleros Formation

Candeleros Formation
Candeleros Formation
Stratigraphic range: early Cenomanian; ~
	Candeleros Formation near Cerro El Vagon, Neuquen, Argentina
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Neuquén Group; Río Limay Subgroup
Underlies	Huincul Formation
Overlies	Lohan Cura Formation
Thickness	300 m (980 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Eolian sandstone
Other	Conglomerate, siltstone, paleosol
Location
Coordinates	39°24′S 69°12′W / 39.4°S 69.2°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	46°30′S 45°30′W / 46.5°S 45.5°W
Region	Mendoza, Neuquén & Río Negro Provinces
Country	Argentina
Extent	Neuquén Basin
Type section
Named for	Candeleros Hill
Named by	Wichmann
Year defined	1929
	Candeleros Formation (Argentina)

The Candeleros Formation is a geologic formation that crops out in the Río Negro, Neuquén, and Mendoza provinces of northern Patagonia, Argentina. It is the oldest formation in the Neuquén Group and belongs to the Rio Limay Subgroup. Formerly that subgroup was treated as a formation, and the Candeleros Formation was known as the Candeleros Member.^[2]

Description

The type locality of the Candeleros Formation is Candeleros Hill in Neuquén Province, after which the formation was named by Wichmann in 1929.^[3] This formation unconformably overlies the Lohan Cura Formation, and it is fused with the Huincul Formation, also a unit of the Neuquén Group. The sediments of the latter are of lighter greenish and yellow colors and the fused boundary between the Candeleros and Huincul formations is easily recognizable.^[4]

The Candeleros Formation is almost 300 metres (980 ft) thick in some sections. Overall, the formation represents a part of the ancient Kokorkom desert with braided river system, made up mostly of sandstones and conglomerates. There are also isolated sections that represent eolian (wind-blown) deposition, as well as siltstones deposited under swamp conditions. Paleosols (soil deposits) are common in some sections as well.^[2]^[4]The base of the formations age is correlated to the "Violaceous Sandstones" whose age is estimated at 98.6 ± 2.5 Ma.^[5] Based on available evidence, the Candeleros formation is placed between the lower and upper Cenomanian.^[5]

Fossil content

The Candeleros Formation has a very diverse fossil fauna, including fish, frogs, mammals, rhynchocephalians, snakes, turtles, notosuchians, pterosaurs, and abundant dinosaurs including rebbachisaurid and titanosaurian sauropods and diverse theropods, and the enigmatic armored Jakapil.

Ichnofossils found in the formation include those assigned to Sousaichnum monettae, Limayichnus major, Bressaniichnus patagonicus, Deferraiichnum mapuchense, and Picunichnus benedettoi.^[6]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Fish

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus	C. argentinus		Upper		A lungfish

Amphibians

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Avitabatrachus^[7]	A. uliana	El Gigante	Lower	Fragmentary skull and postcranial skeleton	A pipimorph frog

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Jakapil^[8]	J. kaniukura	Cerro Policía	Upper^[8]	A partial skeleton including several osteoderms and a complete lower jaw	Possibly a basal thyreophoran^[9]

Sauropods

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes
Andesaurus	A. delgadoi	Near Villa El Chocon	Lower	A partial skeleton	A basal titanosaurian sauropod
Campananeyen^[10]	C. fragilissimus	Barda Atravesada de Las Campanas	Lower	A fragmentary skeleton	A rebbachisaurid sauropod
Limaysaurus	L. tessonei		Upper		A rebbachisaurid sauropod
Nopcsaspondylus	N. alarconensis	left bank of Limay River		A single lost vertebra	A rebbachisaurid sauropod
Rayososaurus	R. agrioensis	Agrio del Medio	Upper	A left scapula, an almost complete right scapular blade, and the distal three-quarters of a left femur.	A rebbachisaurid sauropod
Titanosauria	Indeterminate		Upper^[11]		A giant titanosaurian sauropod, probably exceeding Patagotitan in size^[12]

Theropods

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes
Abelichnus	A. astigerrae			A footprint
Alnashetri	A. cerropoliciensis	La Buitrera	Upper^[13]	A fragmentary skeleton including leg and foot bones	An alvarezsauroid
Bicentenaria	B. argentina	Ezequiel Ramos Mexia Reservoir	Upper^[14]	Much of a skeleton	A coelurosaur
Buitreraptor	B. gonzalezorum	La Buitrera	Upper ^[13]	Several partial skeletons	A dromaeosaurid
Ekrixinatosaurus	E. novasi	Bajo del Añelo	Upper^[15]	A partial skeleton	An abelisaurid
Giganotosaurus	G. carolinii	Los Candeleros and Villa El Chocón	Upper/Lower	A partial skull and a disarticulated postcranial skeleton,a dentary, and teeth.^[16] Found in the upper part of the formation.^[16]	A carcharodontosaurid

Pterosaurs

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Azhdarchidae^[17]	Indeterminate	Ezequiel Ramos Mexía Reservoir	Upper	A partial cervical vertebra	An azhdarchid

Other reptiles

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes
Araripesuchus	A. buitreraensis	La Buitrera, Cerro Policía and El Pueblito.	Upper	Multiple skull specimens.	A small notosuchian crocodyliform
	A manzanensis		Upper	A partial skull and lower jaw
	A. patagonicus	El Chocón.	Lower	An anterior half of the skull with an articulated mandible, lacking the most anterior portion of the rostrum and also preserves part of the postcranium
Najash	N. rionegrina		Upper		A basal snake
Priosphenodon	P. avelasi		Upper		An eilenodontine rhynchocephalian
Tika	T. giacchinoi		Upper		A sphenodontine rhynchocephalian

Mammals

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Cronopio	C. dentiacutus	La Buitrera	Upper	Skull bones and teeth	A small meridiolestidan mammal

Turtles

Taxa	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Prochelidella^[18]	P. buitreraensis		Upper		A small chelid turtle
Elkanemys^[19]	E. pritchardi		Upper		A bothremydid turtle

References

^ Garrido, Alberto (2010). "Estratigrafía del Grupo Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de la Cuenca Neuquina (Argentina): Nueva propuesta de ordenamiento litoestratigráfico". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 12 (2): 121–177.
^ ^a ^b Sánchez et al., 2006
^ Wichmann, 1929
^ ^a ^b Leanza et al., 2004
^ ^a ^b Garrido, Alberto (2010). "Estratigrafía del Grupo Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de la Cuenca Neuquina (Argentina): nueva propuesta de ordenamiento litoestratigráfico". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (in Spanish). 12 (2): 121–177. ISSN 1853-0400.
^ Leonardi, 1994, p. 79
^ Baez, Ana & Trueb, Linda & Calvo, Jorge. (2000). The earliest known pipoid frog from South America: A new genus from the Middle Cretaceous of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20. 490-500. 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020%5B0490:TEKPFF%5D2.0.CO;2.
^ ^a ^b Riguetti FJ, Apesteguía S, Pereda-Suberbiola X (2022). "A new Cretaceous thyreophoran from Patagonia supports a South American lineage of armoured dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 11621. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211621R. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15535-6. PMC 9372066. PMID 35953515.
^ Raven, T. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Joyce, C. B.; Maidment, S. C. R. (2023). "The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1). 2205433. Bibcode:2023JSPal..2105433R. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433.
^ Lerzo, Lucas N.; Fernández-Baldor, Fidel Torcida; Canale, Juan I.; Whitlock, John A.; Otero, Alejandro; Gallina, Pablo A. (2024-08-13). "They all floated in the Cretaceous: new rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) with a highly pneumatized skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian) of Patagonia, Argentina". Historical Biology. 37 (8): 1795–1808. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2383708. ISSN 0891-2963.
^ "PBDB".
^ Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. (June 2021). "Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 122 104754. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12204754O. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754. ISSN 0195-6671.
^ ^a ^b Pol, Diego (2020). "New anatomical information on Araripesuchus buitreraensis with implications for the systematics of Uruguaysuchidae (Crocodyliforms, Notosuchia)" (PDF).
^ Novas, Fernando (2012). "New Patagonian Cretaceous theropod sheds light about the early radiation of Coelurosauria".
^ "Paleobiology database".
^ ^a ^b Meso, J. G.; Juárez Valieri, R. D.; Porfiri, J. D.; Correa, S. A. S.; Martinelli, A. G.; Casal, G. A.; Canudo, J. I.; Poblete, F.; Dos Santos, D. (2021-09-01). "Testing the persistence of Carcharodontosauridae (Theropoda) in the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia based on dental evidence". Cretaceous Research. 125 104875. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504875M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104875. ISSN 0195-6671.
^ Agnolin, Federico; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Juárez-Valieri, Rubén; Meso, Jorge (2023-10-25). "Oldest azhdarchid (Pterosauria) record from South America". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Nueva serie (in Spanish). 25 (2): 309–314. ISSN 1853-0400.
^ Maniel, Ignacio J.; de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Pérez Mayoral, Joaquin; Sanchez, Maria L.; Veiga, Gonzalo D.; Smales, Ian (2020-02-24). "Cranial and postcranial remains of a new species of Prochelidella (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) from 'La Buitrera' (Cenomanian of Patagonia, Argentina), with comments on the monophyly of this extinct chelid genus from southern Gondwana". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (12): 1033–1055. Bibcode:2020JSPal..18.1033M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1721579. S2CID 214500365. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
^ Maniel, I.J.; de la Fuente, M. S.; Zhuo, J.I. (2021). "The first Cearachelyini (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) turtle from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, and an overview of the occurrence and diversity of Pelomedusoides in Patagonia". Cretaceous Research. 125 104869. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504869M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104869.

Bibliography

Otero, A.; Carballido, J. L.; Salgado, L.; Canudo, J. I.; Garrido, A. C. (2021). "Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 122 104754. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12204754O. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754. S2CID 233582290. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754
Canale, Juan I.; Cerda, Ignacio; Novas, Fernando E.; Haluza, Alejandro (2016). "Small-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) remains from the Upper Cretaceous of northwest Patagonia, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 62: 18–28. Bibcode:2016CrRes..62...18C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.001. hdl:11336/59930. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.001
Sánchez, María Lidia; Heredia, Susana; Calvo, Jorge O. (2006). "Paleoambientes sedimentarios del Cretácico Superior de la Formación Plottier (Grupo Neuquén), Departamento Confluencia, Neuquén (Sedimentary paleoenvironments in the Upper Cretaceous Plottier Formation (Neuquen Group), Confluencia, Neuquén)". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 61: 3–18. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
Leanza, H.A.; Apesteguia, S.; Novas, F.E.; De la Fuente, M.S. (2004). "Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages". Cretaceous Research. 25 (1): 61–87. Bibcode:2004CrRes..25...61L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2003.10.005. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
Leonardi, Giuseppe (1994). "Annotated Atlas of South America Tetrapod Footprints (Devonian to Holocene) with an appendix on Mexico and Central America". Ministerio de Minas e Energia - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais, Geological Service of Brazil. pp. 1–248. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
Wichmann, R (1929). "Los Estratos con Dinosaurios y su techo en el este del Territorio del Neuquén ("The dinosaur-bearing strata and their upper limit in eastern Neuquén Territory")". Dirección General de Geología, Minería e Hidrogeología Publicación. 32: 1–9.

[1] Garrido, Alberto (2010). "Estratigrafía del Grupo Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de la Cuenca Neuquina (Argentina): Nueva propuesta de ordenamiento litoestratigráfico". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 12 (2): 121–177.

[sanchez_etal_2006-2] Sánchez et al., 2006

[3] Wichmann, 1929

[Leanza_etal_2004-4] Leanza et al., 2004

[:3-5] Garrido, Alberto (2010). "Estratigrafía del Grupo Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de la Cuenca Neuquina (Argentina): nueva propuesta de ordenamiento litoestratigráfico". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (in Spanish). 12 (2): 121–177. ISSN 1853-0400.

[Leonardi_1994_p79-6] Leonardi, 1994, p. 79

[7] Baez, Ana & Trueb, Linda & Calvo, Jorge. (2000). The earliest known pipoid frog from South America: A new genus from the Middle Cretaceous of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20. 490-500. 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020%5B0490:TEKPFF%5D2.0.CO;2.

[Jakapil-8] Riguetti FJ, Apesteguía S, Pereda-Suberbiola X (2022). "A new Cretaceous thyreophoran from Patagonia supports a South American lineage of armoured dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 11621. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211621R. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15535-6. PMC 9372066. PMID 35953515.

[Raven2023-9] Raven, T. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Joyce, C. B.; Maidment, S. C. R. (2023). "The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1). 2205433. Bibcode:2023JSPal..2105433R. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433.

[Campananeyen-10] Lerzo, Lucas N.; Fernández-Baldor, Fidel Torcida; Canale, Juan I.; Whitlock, John A.; Otero, Alejandro; Gallina, Pablo A. (2024-08-13). "They all floated in the Cretaceous: new rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) with a highly pneumatized skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian) of Patagonia, Argentina". Historical Biology. 37 (8): 1795–1808. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2383708. ISSN 0891-2963.

[11] "PBDB".

[12] Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. (June 2021). "Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 122 104754. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12204754O. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754. ISSN 0195-6671.

[:1-13] Pol, Diego (2020). "New anatomical information on Araripesuchus buitreraensis with implications for the systematics of Uruguaysuchidae (Crocodyliforms, Notosuchia)" (PDF).

[14] Novas, Fernando (2012). "New Patagonian Cretaceous theropod sheds light about the early radiation of Coelurosauria".

[15] "Paleobiology database".

[:2-16] Meso, J. G.; Juárez Valieri, R. D.; Porfiri, J. D.; Correa, S. A. S.; Martinelli, A. G.; Casal, G. A.; Canudo, J. I.; Poblete, F.; Dos Santos, D. (2021-09-01). "Testing the persistence of Carcharodontosauridae (Theropoda) in the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia based on dental evidence". Cretaceous Research. 125 104875. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504875M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104875. ISSN 0195-6671.

[17] Agnolin, Federico; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Juárez-Valieri, Rubén; Meso, Jorge (2023-10-25). "Oldest azhdarchid (Pterosauria) record from South America". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Nueva serie (in Spanish). 25 (2): 309–314. ISSN 1853-0400.

[:0-18] Maniel, Ignacio J.; de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Pérez Mayoral, Joaquin; Sanchez, Maria L.; Veiga, Gonzalo D.; Smales, Ian (2020-02-24). "Cranial and postcranial remains of a new species of Prochelidella (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) from 'La Buitrera' (Cenomanian of Patagonia, Argentina), with comments on the monophyly of this extinct chelid genus from southern Gondwana". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (12): 1033–1055. Bibcode:2020JSPal..18.1033M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1721579. S2CID 214500365. Retrieved 2020-07-11.

[19] Maniel, I.J.; de la Fuente, M. S.; Zhuo, J.I. (2021). "The first Cearachelyini (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) turtle from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, and an overview of the occurrence and diversity of Pelomedusoides in Patagonia". Cretaceous Research. 125 104869. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504869M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104869.

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