Calopadia

Calopadia
Calopadia subcoerulescens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ectolechiaceae
Genus: Calopadia
Vèzda (1986)
Type species
Calopadia fusca
(Müll.Arg.) Vězda (1986)
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Crocicreomyces Bat. & Peres (1964)
  • Cyrta Bat. & H.Maia (1961)

Calopadia is a genus of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichens in the family Ectolechiaceae. The genus was established by the Czech lichenologist Antonín Vězda in 1986 and contains around 24 species found primarily in tropical regions. These lichens form thin, pale brownish to greyish crusts on leaf surfaces and produce small brown disc-shaped fruiting bodies. They are distinguished from similar genera by their non-black fruiting structures and characteristic curved or coiled asexual spores. The genus has its greatest diversity in the Neotropics, though species have also been recorded from tropical Africa, Asia, and Australasia.

Taxonomy

Calopadia was circumscribed by the Czech lichenologist Antonín Vězda in 1986. Calopadia was one of five new genera (alongside Badimia, Barubria, Loflammia, and Logilvia) established by Vězda in 1986 when he divided his informal "Lobaca" assemblage on the basis of ascus structure. Species with a Sporopodium-type ascus were transferred to the newly delimited Ectolechiaceae, within which Vězda placed Calopadia together with the previously known genera Tapellaria and Lasioloma because of their shared campylidia (specialised conidiomata derived from apothecia)[2]

Description

Calopadia forms a thin, continuous or occasionally patchy thallus (the body of the lichen), usually smooth and pale brownish to greyish in colour. The apothecia (fruiting bodies) are constricted at the base and brown to dark brown, but not black; their margins are prominent when young, later fading or disappearing. The exciple—the tissue forming the rim around the apothecial disc—is paraplectenchymatous (composed of small, brick-like cells), while the hypothecium (the layer beneath the spore-bearing tissue) does not react with potassium hydroxide (K–). The hymenium contains simple or only slightly branched paraphyses (filamentous supporting cells). The asci are cylindric-clavate (cylindrical to club-shaped) with a blue-staining (J+) tholus, showing the ascus structure characteristic of Sporopodium. The ascospores are muriform (divided by both transverse and longitudinal walls) and variable in number, from one to eight per ascus.[2]

The asexual reproductive structures, or campylidia, are grey to dark brown and produce conidia (asexual spores) that are acicular (needle-shaped), curved or spirally coiled, and multi-septate (divided by many cross-walls). The conidia arise in association with small algal cells near the thallus surface. In overall appearance and spore type, Calopadia resembles Tapellaria, but differs in having non-black apothecia, a K– hypothecium, and a continuous rather than patchy thallus.[2]

A field study of Calopadia puiggarii documented the full life cycle of a Calopadia species on living leaves and showed how sexual and asexual reproduction can both contribute to thallus formation. In that study, campylidia contained photobiont cells among the conidiogenous tissue, and the filiform, septate macroconidia were released together with algal cells that they often encircled; the macroconidia could then germinate and lichenize those dispersed photobionts. The same work reported pycnidia in Calopadia for the first time; these minute structures produce microconidia that were interpreted as likely spermatia (male gametes).[3]

Chemistry

Chemical studies using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have reported a range of secondary metabolites in Calopadia, including pannarin and atranorin, along with several chlorinated xanthones (lichexanthone derivatives). In some species, discrete chemotypes have been reported; for example, C. perpallida and C. subcoerulescens have been described with more than one "chemical race" based on their detected compounds.[4]

Species

As of February 2026, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 24 species of Calopadia.[5]

  • Calopadia aurantiaca Lücking (2008)[6]
  • Calopadia bonitensis M.Cáceres & Lücking (2007)[7]
  • Calopadia chacoensis (Malme) Kalb & Vězda (1987)[8] (= Lopadium chacoensis, MycoBank[9])
  • Calopadia cinereopruinosa Bungartz & Lücking (2011)[10]
  • Calopadia editiae Vězda ex Chaves & Lücking (2011)[10]
  • Calopadia erythrocephala Farkas, Elix & Flakus (2012)[11]
  • Calopadia floridana Hodges & Lücking (2011)[12]
  • Calopadia foliicola (Fée) Vězda (1986)[2]
  • Calopadia fusca (Müll.Arg.) Vězda (1986)[2]
  • Calopadia granulosa Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014)[13] – Brazil
  • Calopadia imshaugii Common & Lücking (2011)[12]
  • Calopadia lucida Lücking & R.Sant. (2001)[14]
  • Calopadia nymanii (R.Sant.) Vězda (1986)[2]
  • Calopadia perpallida (Nyl.) Vězda (1986)[2]
  • Calopadia phyllogena (Müll.Arg.) Vězda (1986)[2]
  • Calopadia puiggarii (Müll.Arg.) Vězda (1986)[2]
  • Calopadia ruiliensis H.X.Wu (2021)[15] – China
  • Calopadia saxicola Gumboski (2015)[16]
  • Calopadia schaeferi Vězda (2004)[17]
  • Calopadia schomerae Seavey & J.Seavey (2011)[18]
  • Calopadia subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vězda (1988)[19]
  • Calopadia subfusca Kalb & Vězda (1987)[8]
  • Calopadia turbinata (Tuck.)[20] Sérus. & Lücking (2005)[21]
  • Calopadia vermiculifera (Vain.) Sérus. (1997)[22]

References

  1. ^ "Synonymy: Calopadia Vězda, Folia geobot. phytotax. 21(2): 208, 215 (1986)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vězda A. (1986). "Neue Gattungen der Familie Lecideaceae s. lat. (Lichenes)" [New genera of the family Lecideaceae s. lat. (Lichenes)]. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica (in German). 21 (2): 199–219. doi:10.1007/BF02854668.
  3. ^ Sanders, William B. (2014). "Complete life cycle of the lichen fungus Calopadia puiggarii (Pilocarpaceae, Ascomycetes) documented in situ: Propagule dispersal, establishment of symbiosis, thallus development, and formation of sexual and asexual reproductive structures". American Journal of Botany. 101 (11): 1836–1848. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400272.
  4. ^ Elix, John A.; Øvstedal, Dag O. (2009). "Lichen phytochemistry II: some species of Calopadia". Australasian Lichenology (65): 7–9.
  5. ^ "Calopadia". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  6. ^ Lücking, Robert (2008). Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi. Flora Neotropica. Vol. 103. New York Botanical Garden Press. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-89327-491-7.
  7. ^ Cáceres, M.E.S. (2007). Corticolous crustose and microfoliose lichens of northeastern Brazil. Libri Botanici. Vol. 22. p. 46.
  8. ^ a b Kalb, K.; Vězda, A. (1987), "Einige nicht-foliicole Arten der Familie Ectolechiaceae (Lichenes) aus Brasilien", Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica, 22 (3): 287–312
  9. ^ "Calopadia chacoensis". MycoBank. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  10. ^ a b Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U.; et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 18 (1): 27–28. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1.
  11. ^ Farkas, Edit; Elix, John A.; Flakus, Adam (2012). "Calopadia erythrocephala, a new foliicolous lichenized fungus from Brazil". The Lichenologist. 44 (3): 395–399. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000831.
  12. ^ a b Lücking, Robert; Seavey, Frederick; Common, Ralph S.; Beeching, Sean Q.; Breuss, Othmar; Buck, William R.; et al. (2011). "The lichens of Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park, Florida: Proceedings from the 18th Tuckerman Workshop" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 46 (4): 127–186. doi:10.58782/flmnh.sofw5435.
  13. ^ Aptroot, André; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2014). "A key to the corticolous microfoliose, foliose and related crustose lichens from Rondônia, Brazil, with the description of four new species". The Lichenologist. 46 (6): 783–799. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000358.
  14. ^ Lücking, Robert; Santesson, Rolf (2001). "New species or interesting records of foliicolous lichens. VIII. Two new taxa from tropical Africa, with a key to sorediate Fellhanera species". The Lichenologist. 33 (2): 111–116. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0312.
  15. ^ Wu, Hai-Xia; Ren, Wei-Bin; Li, Xin-Hao; Yang, Zi-Xiang (2021). "A new species of foliicolous lichenized fungi from southwest China: Calopadia ruiliensis sp. nov". Turkish Journal of Botany. 45 (4): 371–377. doi:10.3906/bot-2101-32.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Gumboski, Emerson Luiz (2015). "Calopadia saxicola (Pilocarpaceae, Ascomycota), a new saxicolous species growing on rocky seashores in southern Brazil". The Lichenologist. 47 (2): 137–141. doi:10.1017/s0024282914000619.
  17. ^ Vezda, A. (2004). "Neue foliicole Flechten III" [New foliicolous lichens III]. Acta Musei Richnoviensis (in German). 11 (2): 57–72.
  18. ^ Seavey, F.; Seavey, J.L. (2011). "Calopadia schomerae (Pilocarpaceae), a lichen from Everglades National Park". Opuscula Philolichenum. 9: 39–43.
  19. ^ Vězda, Sched. Lichenes Selecti Exsiccati Fascicle 88: 3, no. 2185, 1988
  20. ^ Tuckerman, E. (1864). "Observations on North American and other lichens". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 6: 263–287.
  21. ^ Lücking, Robert; Buck, William R.; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Ferraro, Lidia I. (2005). "Gomphillus caribaeus belongs in the new genus Bryogomphus (Lecanorales: Pilocarpaceae)". The Bryologist. 108 (4): 481–486. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2005)108[0481:GCBITN]2.0.CO;2.
  22. ^ Aptroot, André; Diederich, Paul; Sérusiaux, Emmanuel; Sipman, Harrie J.M. (1997). Lichens and lichenicolous fungi from New Guinea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 64. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-443-58043-8.
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