Echinorhinus
| Echinorhinus Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| Bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus; mounted specimen, Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa | |
| Prickly shark, Echinorhinus cookei | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Division: | Selachii |
| Superorder: | Squalomorphi |
| Series: | Squatinida |
| Order: | Echinorhiniformes de Buen, 1926 |
| Family: | Echinorhinidae T. N. Gill, 1862 |
| Genus: | Echinorhinus Blainville, 1816 |
| The distribution of the two Echinorhinus species | |
Echinorhinus is the only extant genus in the family Echinorhinidae, either a family within the large order Squaliformes or their own monotypic order Echinorhiniformes. The two extant species possess enlarged denticles forming prominent spines or thorns on their skin.
Taxonomy
Echinorhinidae are traditionally classified in the order Squaliformes, together with dogfish, kitefin and gulper sharks.[1][2] However, a phylogenetic analysis based on gene capture data and mitochondrial data suggests that they are not squaliform sharks, but may be more likely to be appropriately classed in their own group, as a sister group to angel sharks and sawsharks.[3][4] Phylogenetic placement of Echinorhinidae has been ambiguous in morphological and molecular studies, either being included within Squaliformes, considered sister to Squaliformes, or placed in a separate group with sawsharks (Pristiophoriformes) or angel sharks (Squatiniformes).[3] For this reason they are sometimes given their own order, Echinorhiniformes.[5]
Etymology
The name is from Greek echinos meaning "spiny" and rhinos meaning "nose".
Species
Only two extant species are known:
- Echinorhinus brucus Bonnaterre, 1788 (bramble shark)
- Echinorhinus cookei Pietschmann, 1928 (prickly shark)
The following fossil species are also known:[6]
- †Echinorhinus australis (Chapman, 1909)
- †Echinorhinus blakei Agassiz, 1856
- †Echinorhinus caspius Glikman, 1964
- †Echinorhinus eyrensis Pledge, 1992
- †Echinorhinus kelleyi Pfeil, 1983
- †Echinorhinus lapaoi Antunes & Cappetta, 2002
- †Echinorhinus maremagnum Bogan, Agnolin, Otero, Egli, Suárez, Soto-Acuña & Novas, 2017[7]
- †Echinorhinus pfauntschi Pfeil, 1983
- †Echinorhinus pollerspoecki Pfeil, 1983
- †Echinorhinus pozzii Ameghino, 1906[8]
- †Echinorhinus priscus Arambourg, 1952
- †Echinorhinus richiardii Lawley, 1876
- †Echinorhinus schoenfeldi Pfeil, 1983
- †Echinorhinus vielhus Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014[9]
- †Echinorhinus wadanohanaensis Kitamura, 2013[10]
- †Echinorhinus weltoni Pfeil, 1983
The oldest known species is E. vielhus from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) of France.[9]
Description
This genus includes two extant species of uncommon, little-known sharks. Both species are relatively large sharks, at 3.1 to 4.0 m (10.2 to 13.1 ft) in body length. They are characterized by a short nose and by rough, thornlike dermal denticles scattered over its body, some of which may be fused together. They have no anal fin. Two small spineless dorsal fins are positioned far back.
Biology
They are ovoviviparous, with the mother retaining the egg-cases inside her body until they hatch, producing litters up to 24 pups.[11] They feed on smaller sharks, smaller bony fish, and on crabs and cephalopods.
Distribution
These sharks are found worldwide in cold temperate to tropical seas from the surface down to 900 m (3,000 ft).[11]
See also
References
- ^ Compagno, 2005. "Sharks of the World". ISBN 9780691120720
- ^ "Echinorhinus brucus". Florida Museum. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
- ^ a b Straube, Nicolas; Li, Chenhong; Claes, Julien M.; Corrigan, Shannon; Naylor, Gavin J. P. (2015). "Molecular phylogeny of Squaliformes and first occurrence of bioluminescence in sharks". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 162. Bibcode:2015BMCEE..15..162S. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0446-6. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4537554. PMID 26277575.
- ^ Naylor, G. J. P.; Caira, J. N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K. A. M.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). Carrier, J. C.; Musick, J. A.; Heithaus, M. R. (eds.). Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In: Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. Boca Raton, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 31–56. ISBN 978-1-4398-3924-9.
- ^ "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Extinct - valid species | Species | Shark-References". shark-references.com. Retrieved 2025-10-16.
- ^ Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico L.; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Egli, Federico Brissón; Suárez, Mario E.; Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Novas, Fernando E. (2017-10-01). "A new species of the genus Echinorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Echinorhiniformes) from the upper cretaceous of southern South America (Argentina-Chile)". Cretaceous Research. 78: 89–94. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.05.020. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ Bogan, Sergio; Agnolín, Federico L. (2022-12-01). "The fossil record of the Bramble-shark Echinorhinus (Echinorhiniformes, Echinorhinidae) in South America". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 120 104083. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104083. ISSN 0895-9811.
- ^ a b Guinot, Guillaume; Cappetta, Henri; Adnet, Sylvain (2014-03-01). "A rare elasmobranch assemblage from the Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) of southern France". Cretaceous Research. 48: 54–84. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.014. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ Kitamura, Naoshi (2013). "Description of a New Species of the Family Echinorhinidae (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Cretaceous Himenoura Group in Kumamoto Prefecture, Southwestern Japan". Paleontological Research. 17 (2): 189–195. doi:10.2517/1342-8144-17.2.189. ISSN 1342-8144.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Echinorhinidae". FishBase. January 2009 version.
- "Echinorhinus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 4 May 2006.
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Echinorhinidae". FishBase. January 2006 version.
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Echinorhinus". FishBase. January 2006 version.
- FAO Species Catalogue Volume 4 Parts 1 and 2 Sharks of the World