Birbal Mahal

Birbal Mahal (tl. Birbal's Palace) is a palace commisoned by Emperor Akbar in 1571. It is located in the harem quarters of the Fatehpur Sikri fort and was built for the ladies of the imperial harem.

History

During the reign of Akbar, the palace was the residence of his two chief consorts, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum and Salima Sultan Begum.[1]

Ruqaiya Sultan Begum was the first wife of Akbar and was married to him in 1556, becoming his chief consort.[2] Her father, Hindal Mirza had died fighting against his half brother Kamran Mirza's forces in 20 November 1551.[3] Out of affection for the memory of his brother, Humayun had the princess betrothed to his son Akbar.

Salima Sultan Begum was the third wife of Akbar. She was the daughter of The Viceroy of Kannauj, Nuruddin Muhammad Mirza, and Gulrukh Begum.[4] She was initially betrothed to Akbar's regent, Bairam Khan, and was married off to him in 1557.[5] The brief marriage lasted for only three years, as Bairam Khan was assassinated in 1561 in Patan by a group of bandits led by Mubarak Khan.[6] The newly widowed Salima along with the remaining members of the plundered camp fled and reached Ahmedabad after much hardship. Akbar, saddened by the death, summoned Salima and her step son Abdul Rahim to the imperial Mughal court in great respect, and later married her in 7 May 1561.[7] She became his third consort and enjoyed a high rank in the imperial harem, holding much influence over Akbar, and later his stepson Jahangir.[8]

Akbar had shifted the capital of the Mughal Empire from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri in 1571,[9] with the construction of the fort beginning in 1569 in honor of the Chishti Sheikh Salim who had predicted the birth of Prince Salim.[10]

Architecture

The palace has two storeys with four rooms, two porches with pyramiding roofs below, two rooms with cupolas and screened terraces above, and Intricate jharokhas, brackets, and eaves. The double domed structures of the roof and cupolas kept the room cool, providing air circulation throughout, along with the diagonal positioning of the upper rooms which made the terrace shady.[11] It stands northwest to the palace of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani.[12]

Misidentificaton as the residence of Birbal

The palace is known by many as being the palace of Mahesh Das, (known by his title Raja Birbal) minister and commander of the Mughal dynasty and one of the members of Akbar's group of courtiers called the "navaratnas" (lit. Nine Gems).[13] However, this is a misnomer as it is located in the imperial harem quarters, which, with the exception of princes who had not attained puberty, was restricted to men other than the Emperor. Thus, Birbal wouldn't be allowed there.[14]

See also

  • Archway inside the palace
  • Intricately detailed carvings
  • The inside of the palace
  • The ceiling inside

References

  1. ^ Krishnan, Gomathi (April 2008). Akbar. Prodigy Books, an Imprint of New Horizon Media. ISBN 978-81-8368-658-7.
  2. ^ Powell, A. A. (October 1991). "S. M. Burke: Akbar: the greatest Mogul, xi, 249 pp. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1989. Rs. 250. - K. A. Nizami: Akbar and religion. (IAD Oriental (Original) Series, no. 33.) [x], 470 pp., 10 plates. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delhi, 1989. Rs. 350". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 54 (3): 599–600. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00001154. ISSN 0041-977X.
  3. ^ Erskine, William (2012). A History of India under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun: Volume 2. Cambridge library collection. South Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-04620-6.
  4. ^ "The Books of Gulbadan", Vagabond Princess, Yale University Press, pp. 187–200, 27 February 2024, ISBN 978-0-300-27749-4, retrieved 17 May 2026{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  5. ^ "The Books of Gulbadan", Vagabond Princess, Yale University Press, pp. 187–200, 27 February 2024, ISBN 978-0-300-27749-4, retrieved 17 May 2026{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  6. ^ Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth; Garrett, H. L. O. (1995). Mughal rule in India (Reprint d. Aufl. London : Oxford University Press 1930 ed.). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7156-551-1.
  7. ^ Nath, Renuka (1991). Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. Women in South Asia series W (1. publ ed.). New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. ISBN 978-81-210-0241-7.
  8. ^ Henry Beveridge (26 March 1906). "Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal". II. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.: 509–510.
  9. ^ Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-61365-6.
  10. ^ Asher, Catherine B. (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. The New Cambridge history of India. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26728-1.
  11. ^ Betts, Vanessa; McCulloch, Victoria (27 September 2013). India - The North: Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya Dream Trip. Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-907263-74-3.
  12. ^ Congress, Indian History (2000). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.
  13. ^ Sharma, Shripad Rama (1999), Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material. Vol. 3 (Revised ed.), New Delhi: Atlantic Publ, ISBN 978-81-7156-819-2, retrieved 17 May 2026
  14. ^ Guides, Rough (1 October 2010). RGT to Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 978-1-4053-8682-1.

27°05′49″N 77°39′52″E / 27.09691°N 77.66434°E / 27.09691; 77.66434

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