Binturong

"Bear cat" redirects here. For other uses, see Bearcat (disambiguation).

Binturong
In the Zoo Parc Overloon, the Netherlands
CITES Appendix III [3]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Viverridae
Subfamily: Paradoxurinae
Genus: Arctictis
Temminck, 1824
Species:
A. binturong[1]
Binomial name
Arctictis binturong[1]
(Raffles, 1822)
Binturong range

The binturong (Arctictis binturong) (/bɪnˈtjʊərɒŋ, ˈbɪntjʊrɒŋ/; bin-TURE-ong, BIN-ture-ong), also known as the bearcat, is an arboreal viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the only species in the genus Arctictis, but is further divided into nine subspecies. It has long, thick hair, primarily dark in appearance, but can also have a whitish speckled pelage. It is unique in morphology with its popcorn-scented musk glands, and its long, bushy, prehensile tail.

The binturong is a nocturnal omnivore, feeding on plants, insects, and smaller mammals. Females are able to enact delayed implantation, where a fertilized egg is not attached to the uterine walls until external conditions are ideal. The major threats to the binturong include habitat loss and forest degradation, as well as illegal hunting and trading. It has been assessed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Etymology

The scientific name Arctictis means 'bear-weasel', from the Greek arkt- "bear" + iktis "weasel".[4] The name "binturong" is derived from the words běnturong and těnturun in the dialect used by those living in Riau, Indonesia.[5] In the Western Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in Borneo, the name could be attributed to two words, kitan (meaning squirrel) and ma-tuRun (meaning the one who descends).[6]

Taxonomy and evolution

Viverra binturong was the scientific name proposed by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1822 for a specimen from Malacca, Malaysia.[7] The generic name Arctictis was proposed by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1824.[8]

Nine subspecies of the binturong were proposed:[9]

  • A. b. binturong (Raffles, 1821) occurs in Malaysia;[7]
  • A. b albifrons (Cuvier, 1822) was a specimen from northern Vietnam;[10]
  • A. b. whitei (Allen, 1910) was a specimen from Palawan islands;[11]
  • A. b. pageli (Schwarz, 1911) was collected in northern Borneo;[12]
  • A. b. gairdneri (Thomas, 1916) was a specimen from northern Thailand;[13]
  • A. b. niasensis (Lyon, 1916) was collected on Nias island;[14]
  • A. b. penicillatus (Pocock, 1933) occurs in Java;[9]
  • A. b. kerkhoveni (Sody, 1936) occurs on Bangka Island;[15]
  • A. b. menglaensis (Wang & Li, 1937) was a specimen from Yunnan province.[16]

Three of the proposed subspecies are a part of the northern clade (A. b. albifrons, A. b. gairdneri, and A. b. menglaensis) while the other six are a part of the southern clade (A. b. binturong, A. b. whitei, A. b. pageli, A. b. niasensis, A. b. penicillatus, and A. b. kerkhoveni).[17]

Evolution

The northern Indo-Chinese clade is separated from the southern Sundaic clade by the Isthmus of Kra.[16]

It was hypothesized that during the Pleistocene, the binturong was able to disperse along a land bridge connecting the two now separated clade regions, and that the gene flow between the two clades was blocked due the rising of sea levels, leading to allopatric speciation.[18][17]

Characteristics

The binturong is long and heavy, with short, stout legs. It has a thick coat of coarse black hair. The bushy and prehensile tail is thick at the root, gradually tapering, and curls inwards at the tip. The muzzle is short and pointed, somewhat turned up at the nose, and is covered with bristly hairs, brown at the points, which lengthen as they diverge, and form a peculiar radiated circle round the face. The eyes are large, black and prominent. The ears are short, rounded, edged with white, and terminated by tufts of black hair. There are six short rounded incisors in each jaw, two canines, which are long and sharp, and six molars on each side. The hair on the legs is short and of a yellowish tinge. The feet are five-toed, with large strong claws. The soles are bare, and are plantigrade, applied to the ground throughout the whole of their length―and the hind ones are longer than the fore ones.[7] Its prehensile tail is unique in carnivorans.[19]

In general build, the binturong is essentially like Paradoxurus and Paguma, but more massive in the length of the tail, legs and feet, in the structure of the scent glands, and in the larger size of the rhinarium, which is more convex with a median groove being much narrower above the philtrum. The contour hairs of the coat are much longer and coarser, and the long hairs covering the whole of the back of the ears project beyond the tip as a definite tuft. The anterior bursa flap of the ears is more widely and less deeply emarginate. The tail is more muscular, especially at the base and, in colour, generally like the body, but commonly paler at the base beneath. The body hairs are frequently partly whitish or buff, giving a speckled appearance to the pelage, sometimes so pale that the whole body is mostly straw-coloured or grey. The young are often paler than the adults, but the head is always closely speckled with grey or buff. The long mystacial vibrissae are conspicuously white, and there is a white rim on the summit of the otherwise black ear. The glandular area is whitish.[9]

The tail is nearly as long as the head and body. The body ranges from 71 to 84 cm (28 to 33 in) and the tail is from 66 to 69 cm (26 to 27 in) long.[20] Some captive binturongs measured from 75 to 90 cm (30 to 35 in) in head and body, with a tail of 71 cm (2 ft 4 in).[21] The mean weight of captive adult females is 21.9 kg (48 lb), with a range from 11 to 32 kg (24 to 71 lb). Captive animals often weigh more than their wild counterparts.[22] 12 captive female binturongs were found to weigh a mean of 24.4 kg (54 lb) while 22 males weighed a mean of 19.3 kg (43 lb).[23] In one study, the estimated mean weight of wild females was 10.5 kg (23 lb).[22] However, seven wild male binturongs in Thailand were found to weigh a mean of 13.3 kg (29 lb), while one female was of similar weight at 13.5 kg (30 lb).[24] One estimate of the mean body mass of wild binturongs was 15 kg (33 lb).[25]

Both sexes have scent glands—females on either side of the vulva, and males between the scrotum and penis.[26][27] The musk glands emit an odor reminiscent of popcorn or corn chips, described as "ltpɨt" by the Malaysian Jahai people, likely due to the volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in the urine, which is also produced in the Maillard reaction at high temperatures.[28] Unlike most other carnivorans, the male binturong does not have a baculum.[29]

Distribution and habitat

The binturong occurs from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia to Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Yunnan in China, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java in Indonesia, to Palawan in the Philippines.[2] It is confined to tall forest.[30] In Assam, it is common in foothills and hills with good tree cover, but less so in the forested plains. It has been recorded in Manas National Park, in Dulung and Kakoi Reserved Forests of the Lakhimpur district, in the hill forests of Karbi Anglong, North Cachar Hills, Cachar and Hailakandi Districts.[31] It was also recorded in Kaziranga National Park in the year 2024.[32]

In Myanmar, binturongs were photographed on the ground in Tanintharyi Nature Reserve, at an elevation of 60 m (200 ft) in the Hukaung Valley, at elevations from 220–280 m (720–920 ft) in the Rakhine Yoma Elephant Reserve, and at 580 m (1,900 ft) and at three other sites up to 1,190 m (3,900 ft) elevation.[33] In Thailand's Khao Yai National Park, several individuals were observed feeding in a fig tree and on a vine.[34] In Laos, they have been observed in extensive evergreen forest.[35] In Malaysia, binturongs were recorded in secondary forest surrounding a palm estate that was logged in the 1970s.[36] In Palawan, it inhabits primary and secondary lowland forest, including grassland–forest mosaic from sea level to 400 m (1,300 ft).[37]

Ecology and behavior

The binturong is active during the day and at night.[34][35] Three sightings in Pakke Tiger Reserve were by day.[38] Camera traps set up in Myanmar captured thirteen animals, one around dusk, seven at night and five in broad daylight. All the photographs were of single animals, and all were taken on the ground. Because binturongs are not very nimble, they may have to descend to the ground relatively frequently when moving between trees.[33]

Five radio-collared binturongs in the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary exhibited an arrhythmic activity dominated by crepuscular and nocturnal tendencies with peaks in the early morning and late evening. Reduced activity periods occurred from midday to late afternoon. They moved between 25 m (82 ft) and 2,698 m (8,852 ft) daily in the dry season and increased their daily movement to 4,143 m (13,593 ft) in the wet season. Range size of males varied between 0.9 and 6.1 km2 (0.35 and 2.36 sq mi). Two males showed slightly larger ranges in the wet season. Their ranges overlapped between 30 and 70%.[25] The average home range of a radio-collared female in the Khao Yai National Park was estimated at 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi), and the one of a male at 4.5 to 20.5 km2 (1.7 to 7.9 sq mi).[39]

The binturong is essentially arboreal. Pocock observed the behaviour of several captive individuals in the London Zoological Gardens. When resting, they lay curled up with their heads tucked under their tails. They seldom leaped, but climbed skillfully, albeit slowly, progressing with equal ease and confidence along the upper side of branches or, upside down, beneath them. The prehensile tail was always ready as an aid. They descended the vertical bars of the cage head first, gripping them between their paws and using the prehensile tail as a check. They growled fiercely when irritated, and when on the prowl they periodically uttered a series of low grunts or a hissing sound, made by expelling air through partially opened lips.[9]

The binturong uses its tail to communicate.[26] It moves about gently, clinging to a branch, often coming to a stop, and often using the tail to keep balance. It shows a pronounced comfort behaviour associated with grooming the fur, shaking and licking its hair, and scratching. Shaking is the most characteristic element of comfort behaviour.[40]

Diet

The binturong is omnivorous, feeding on small mammals, birds, fish, earthworms, insects and fruits.[20] It also preys on rodents.[30] Fish and earthworms are likely unimportant items in its diet, as it is neither aquatic nor fossorial, coming across such prey only when opportunities present themselves. Since it does not have the attributes of a predatory mammal, most of the binturong's diet is probably of vegetable matter.[9] Figs are a major component of its diet.[34][38][41]

The binturong is an important agent for seed dispersal, especially for those of the strangler fig, because of its ability to scarify the seed's tough outer covering.[42]

In captivity, the binturong's diet includes commercially prepared meat mix, bananas, apples, oranges, canned peaches and mineral supplement.[22]

Predation and defensive adaptations

Binturongs are not known to be very susceptible to natural predators, but occasionally fall victim to tigers and dholes.[25] Despite this fact, binturongs have a variety of defence mechanisms. When threatened, binturongs use a unique scent gland located under their tail that produces a popcorn-like odor which wards off any potential threats.[28] Binturongs have also been known to defecate or urinate on potential threats. As a last resort, binturongs may defend against predators with their sharp teeth and strong bite force.[43]

Reproduction

As a vulnerable species, many reproductive behaviours in binturong have only been observed in captivity.[22] Copulation typically takes place within the tree canopy, once male and female binturongs reach around 30.4 and 27.7 months old respectively.[22] They reproduce year round, with gestation ranging 84 to 99 days in length, and the estrous cycle ranging 18 to 187 days.[22] They remain fertile for 15 out of their 18 year lifespan.[22] Their characteristic buttered popcorn scent is likely used for reproductive signalling, in addition to defense.[28]

Interactions between male and female binturongs were found to be dependent on the female's ovulation cycle.[22] During anestrus, or reproductive slowdown, females reduce interactions with males, while males act defensive in response.[22] During estrus, or reproductive receptiveness, females increased their mate calling activity and males were no longer defensive.[22] Throughout copulation, female binturongs make a loud and coarse purring sound to signify successful reproductive receptivity between the mating pair.[22]

Female binturongs can enact delayed implantation, which is a reproductive strategy that allows them to keep the fertilized egg from attaching to the walls of their uterus.[44] This helps binturongs maximize the likelihood of a successful reproduction. The pair can mate when the opportunity arises, and complete the cycle when environmental conditions are ideal, ensuring food availability and favourable temperatures.[44] This is a particularly beneficial reproductive strategy, as it helps increase mating events in an otherwise isolated species without the risk of completing gestation under precarious environments.[44] When implantation is successful, gestation occurs. Successful births observed in captivity results in litter sizes that vary from one to six young, with an average of two young per birth.[22] The newborn babies (binlets), weighing between 280 and 340 g, are altricial, requiring maternal care until they are fully developed.[44]

Threats

Major threats to the binturong are habitat loss and degradation of forests through logging and conversion of forests to non-forest land-uses throughout the binturong's range. Habitat loss has been severe in the lowlands of the Sundaic part of its range, and there is no evidence that the binturong uses the plantations that are largely replacing natural forest. In China, rampant deforestation and opportunistic logging practices have fragmented suitable habitat or eliminated sites altogether. In the Philippines, it is captured for the wildlife trade, and in the south of its range it is also taken for human consumption. In Laos, it is one of the most frequently displayed caged live carnivores and skins are traded frequently in at least Vientiane. In parts of Laos, it is considered a delicacy and also traded as a food item to Vietnam.[2]

The Orang Asli of Malaysia have a tradition of keeping binturongs as pets.[45] In Sumatra, captive binturongs have been observed in farms for the production of kopi luwak.[2][46]

Conservation

The binturong is included in CITES Appendix III and in Schedule I of the Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, so that it has the highest level of protection. In China, it is listed as critically endangered. It is completely protected in Bangladesh, and partially in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia.[47] It is not protected in Brunei.[2]

World Binturong Day is a yearly event held in several zoos and is dedicated to binturong awareness and conservation. It takes place every second Saturday of May.[48]

In captivity

Binturongs are common in zoos, and captive individuals represent a source of genetic diversity essential for long-term conservation. Their geographic origin is either usually unknown, or they are offspring of several generations of captive-bred animals.[16]

References

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