Bernard Smith (art historian)

Bernard William Smith (3 October 1916 – 2 September 2011) was an Australian art historian and cultural historian widely regarded as the founding figure of Australian art history. His scholarship fundamentally reshaped the study of the visual culture of European exploration and colonial encounter, particularly through his influential book European Vision and the South Pacific (1960).

Smith argued that encounters between Europe and the Pacific during the eighteenth century contributed to the reshaping of European ideas about nature, humanity and society during the Enlightenment. Through works such as "Place, Taste and Tradition" (1945), "Australian Painting 1788–1960" (1962), and the ABC Boyer Lectures published as "The Spectre of Truganini" (1980), he explored how European artistic traditions were transformed in colonial societies and how the history of colonisation shaped Australian cultural identity.

Smith held professorial appointments at several Australian universities, including the University of Sydney and as the founding Professor of the Power Institute, The University of Sydney, and played a central role in establishing art history as a field of academic study in Australia. In 1991, in memory of his wife, he established the Kate Challis RAKA, $20,000 awarded annually, recognising outstanding work by Indigenous Australian creative artists.

Smith was born in Balmain, Sydney, to Charles Smith and Rose Anne Tierney on 3 October 1916. An illegitimate child, he was a ward of the state and raised in foster care, experiences he later described in his autobiographical work The Boy Adeodatus. The Portrait of a Lucky Young Bastard (1984).

Smith was educated at the University of Sydney. Between 1935 and 1944, he taught in the NSW Department of Education. In 1944 he became an education officer for the Art Gallery of NSW country art exhibitions programme of the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

In 1948, he was awarded a scholarship to study at the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, University of London. On his return to Australia in 1951, Smith resumed his position at the Art Gallery of NSW. In 1952, he received a research scholarship at the newly established Australian National University, where he completed a PhD. A shorter version of his thesis, "European Vision and the South Pacific", was published in 1950,^[1] and released as a monograph in 1960 by Oxford University Press.

Smith was appointed lecturer and then a senior lecturer in the University of Melbourne's Fine Arts Department (1955–1967). In 1959, he convened a group of seven emerging figurative painters known as the Antipodeans, which organised its only exhibition in August 1959 and with them composed The Antipodean Manifesto. Between 1963 and 1966, he worked as an art critic for The Age newspaper in Melbourne.

In 1967, the Smiths moved to Sydney, where Smith became the founding Professor of Contemporary Art and director of the Power Institute of Fine Arts, University of Sydney, a position he held until his retirement in 1977. During this time, he became involved with the art workshop known as Tin Sheds, where he clashed with co-founders Marr Grounds and Donald Brooks about its role and proposed renaming it the Fine Arts University Workshop.^[2]

In 1977, the Smiths returned to Melbourne, and Smith became the president of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, until 1980. Later, he was a professorial fellow in the department of art history at the University of Melbourne.

In 1980, he presented "The Boyer Lectures" on the theme of "The Spectre of Trunganini" which was one of the first public condemnations of the Australian government's policy of removing Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, now known as the Stolen Generations.

In 1991, he established the annual Kate Challis RAKA Award, worth A$20,000, in honour of his first wife.^[3]

Smith was appointed Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Smith married Kate Challis in 1941; she died in 1989. In 1995 he married Margaret Forster, from whom he later separated.

• Place, Taste and Tradition: A Study of Australian Art Since 1788. Sydney: Ure Smith, 1945 (reprinted Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1979)
• A Catalogue of Australian Oil Paintings in the National Art Gallery of New South Wales 1875–1952. Sydney: The Gallery, 1953
• European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768–1850: A Study in the History of Art and Ideas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960 (reprinted 1985 by Yale University Press and 2022 by Miegunyah Press)
• Australian Painting Today: The John Murtagh Macrossan memorial lecture, 1961. St. Lucia, Queensland: Queensland University Press, 1962
• Australian Painting, 1788–2000 Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1962. (updated 1971; updated 1991 with Terry Smith; & update 2001 with Christopher Heathcote)
• The Architectural Character of Glebe, Sydney (with Kate Smith). Sydney: University Co-operative Bookshop Press, 1973 (reprinted 1985)
• Concerning Contemporary Art: the Power lectures, 1968–1973 (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975
• Documents on Art and Taste in Australia: the colonial period, 1770–1914. (ed.) Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975
• The Antipodean Manifesto: Essays in Art and History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975
• Art as Information: Reflections on the Art from Captain Cook's Voyages. Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1979
• The Spectre of Truganini. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Commission, 1980
• The Boy Adeodatus—The Portrait of a Lucky Young Bastard. Ringwood, Victoria: Allen Lane, 1984 (reprinted 1985, 1994)
• The Art of Captain Cook's Voyages (with Rüdiger Joppien). Melbourne: Oxford University Press, three volumes, 1985–1987
• The Death of the Artist as Hero: Essays in History and Culture. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988
• The Art of the First Fleet and Other Early Australian Drawings (eds Bernard Smith and Alwyne Wheeler). Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988
• Baudin in Australian Waters: The Artwork of the French Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Lands 1800–1804 (eds J. Bonnemains, E. Forsyth and B. Smith). Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988
• Terra Australis—The Furthest Shore (eds. W. Eisler and B. Smith). Sydney: International Cultural Corporation of Australia, 1988
• The Critic as Advocate: selected essays 1941–1988. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia, 1989
• Imagining the Pacific in the Wake of the Cook Voyages. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press at the Miegunyah Press, 1992
• Noel Counihan—Artist and Revolutionary . Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
• Poems 1938–1993. Carlton, Victoria: Meanjin, 1996
• Modernism's History: A Study in Twentieth-century Art and Ideas. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998
• A Pavane for Another Time Sydney. Macmillan, 2002
• The Formalesque: A Guide to Modern Art and Its History. Melbourne: Macmillan, 2007

• "European Vision and the South Pacific", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 8, no. 1/2 (1950): 65–100
• "Coleridge's Ancient Mariner and Cook's second voyage", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 19, no. (1956) 117–152
• "Art Historical Studies in Australia with Comments on Research and Publication since 1974" (PDF). Proceedings of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. 12 (1982–83): 44–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
• "Sir Joseph Burke, 1913–1992" (PDF). Proceedings of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. 17 (1992): 46–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
• "Modernism and post-modernism: neo-colonial viewpoint—concerning the sources of modernism and post-modernism in the visual arts", Thesis Eleven 38 (1994) 104–117
• "Modernism, post-modernism and the formalesque", Editions 20 (1994) 9–11

• Peter Beilharz, Imagining the Antipodes: Culture, Theory and the Visual in the Work of Bernard Smith, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
• International Who's Who, London: Europa Publications, 2000
• The Writings of Bernard Smith: Bibliography 1938–1998 (ed. John Spencer and Peter Wright), Sydney: Power Publications, 2000
• The Legacies of Bernard Smith. Essays on Australian Art, History and Cultural Politics (ed. Jaynie Anderson, Christopher Marshall and Andrew Yip), Sydney: Power Publications, 2016
• Sheridan Palmer, Hegel's Owl: The Life of Bernard Smith, Sydney: Power Publications, 2017
• Antipodean Perspective: Selected Writings of Bernard Smith, (ed. Rex Butler and Sheridan Palmer), Melbourne: Monash University Press, 2018