Belarusians in Russia

Belarusians in Russia
Белорусы России
Беларусы Расіі
The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin Mary in Moscow, built in 1899-1911 by the Vitebsk-born architect Tomasz Bohdanowicz-Dworzecki
Total population
208,046 (2021)[1]
Languages
Russian · Belarusian
Religion
Eastern Orthodox Church (52%)[2][3] · Roman Catholicism (1.3%) · Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Belarusian diaspora, Polish minority in Russia, Ukrainians in Russia, Jews in Russia

Belarusians are a major ethnic group in Russia. At the census of 2021, 208,046 Russian citizens indicated Belarusian ancestry.[4] Major Belarusian groups live in the regions of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Karelia and Siberia. Most Belarusians in Russia are migrants from modern Belarus or their descendants, while a minor part of Belarusians in Russia are indigenous.

Because of cultural closeness of Belarusians to Russians and weakly expressed national identity, Belarusians are more than other ethnic minorities exposed to assimilation in Russia. Despite mass inflow of migrants from Belarus during last centuries, children of immigrants rarely identify themselves as Belarusians.

Geography

A minor part of Belarusians in Russia are original inhabitants of the Russian-Belarusian border regions. In ancient times the regions of Smolensk and Pskov were inhabited by the East Slavic tribe of Krivichi that later became major base of the Russian and Belarusian nations.

According to the census of the Russian Empire, some Belarusians lived in the territories of modern Smolensk Oblast, Bryansk Oblast. A small number of Belarusians used to live in the modern Kaluga Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Orel Oblast.

The Korenization policies of the 1920s encouraged Belarusians of Russia to promote and develop Belarusian cultural life and education. A system of Belarusian schools was established in Western Russia. In the 1930s, the Korenization was reversed and its proponents were repressed.

Moscow

During the Polonization of the Grand Duchy in the 16th and 17th centuries, a large number of Orthodox Ruthenians, led by Princes Mstislavsky, Belsky and Galitzine, escaped the repressions to Moscow. In documents of that time they are also called Litvins or White Ruthenians.

One of the compact settlements of Litvins in Moscow was the Meschanskaya Sloboda. Its inhabitants engaged in financial operations, trade, and medicine. Meschanskaya Sloboda had a degree of self-governance and a collegiate church.

In the times of Imperial Russia and the USSR, Moscow as the scientific and economic centre of the country attracted many specialists from different parts of the empire including Belarus. So, the minister of foreign affairs of the USSR during the most tensed period of the Cold War was the Belarusian Andrei Gromyko.

St. Petersburg

After the Partition of Poland, Belarusians started migrating to Russia including the imperial capital, St. Petersburg. Especially many peasants from northern and eastern regions of Belarus migrated to St. Petersburg.

According to statistics, from 1869 to 1910 the number of Belarusians in St. Petersburg grew 23 times and reached 70,000. By the end of that period Belarusians were the biggest ethnic minority in the city.[5] During the First World War for some period up to one million Belarusians lived in the city because of inflow of refugees.[6]

In the second half of the 19th century, several Belarusian organisations were created in St. Petersburg uniting intellectuals and students. In 1868 the enlightenment organisation Kryvitski Vazok was founded. In the 1880s the organisation of leftist Belarusian intellectuals Homan was created. Along with Wilno, St. Petersburg has been the centre of Belarusian cultural an intellectual life in the late 19th century. A Belarusian publishing house existed in St. Petersburg in 1906-1912. Belarusian scientists at the universities of St. Petersburg made important ethnographic researches about Belarus.

The activity of organisations of Belarusian diaspora continued after the October Revolution until it was violently stopped by Stalinist repressions.

During the Perestroika, several new Belarusian diaspora organisations appeared in Leningrad. Today St. Petersburg, though less than Moscow, is also attractive for workers and students from Belarus.

Other regions

In the 18th century Belarusians lived in several governorates of European Russia. Belarusian settlements existed in Kursk, Penza governorates and in the Ural.

After the cancellation of serfdom in Russia in the 19th century, mass migrations of Belarusian peasants to Russia started. The main destinations were the Volga region, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Siberia.

From the late 1940s to the early 1960s many Belarusians settled in the Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Komi Republic, and Kaliningrad Oblast.

Belarusian territorial autonomies in Russia

Belarusian national revival in RSFSR in early Soviet times included creation of Belarusian local autonomies - national Rural Soviets (Belarusian: сялянскія рады, romanized: sialianskija rady) inside raions. In 1924–1926, 71 Belarusian rural soviets were created in Siberia. In 1926 there were 26 Belarusian rural soviets in the Russian Far East. In the Ural in 1928 there were eleven. Later, several Belarusian raions, administrative units of a higher level, were created. In the early 1930s there was a Belarusian national raion of Taboryn as part of the Ural oblast. There was a discussion about the creation of a Belarusian national unit inside the Omsk oblast.

In the mid-1930s all Belarusian autonomies inside the RSFSR were liquidated.

Modern state

Number of Belarusians in Russia

Year Population
1959 844,000
1970 964,700
1989 1,206,000
2002 807,970
2010 521,443[7]


Currently, more and more Belarusian organisations are created in different regions of Russia.

In 2003 a Belarusian cultural society Belorusy Yugry was registered in Surgut.

The largest and strongest Belarusian diaspora organisation in Russia is the Jan Čerski Society for Belarusian Culture in Irkutsk. The organisation unites descendants of Belarusian settlers in Siberia, and has several branches and issues a newspaper.

In Moscow there is the Frantsishak Skaryna Society for Belarusian Culture and an informal union of Belarusian students. In Bashkortostan there is a Belarusian national cultural centre Siabry founded in 1996. In Kaliningrad Belarusians are united in the culture society Karalaviec.

In the last decade Belarusian community of Russia is of separate opinion on the current presidency of Alexander Lukashenko. Some organisations support the democratic opposition. Other, more recently founded organisations as the Federal National Cultural Autonomy of Belarusians in Russia are supported by the embassy of Belarus, and have a more positive opinion on the policies of the government.

Besides Russian citizens of Belarusian descent, there are about 400 thousands Belarusians currently working in Russia.[8]

Notable Belarusians in Russia

References

  1. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  2. ^ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  3. ^ "Арена в PDF : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда"". Sreda.org. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  4. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  5. ^ Белорусы в Санкт-Петербурге [Belarusians in St. Petersburg] (in Russian). St. Petersburg State University Department of Ethnography and Anthropology. 2004. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  6. ^ Tseliashuk, Viktoryia. Даследчык гісторыі Мiкалай Нiкалаеў знайшоў новы беларускi горад: Налiчвае ён не менш як 100 тысяч насельнiцтва, а месцiцца... у Санкт-Пецябургу [Historical researcher Mikalai Nikalaev found a new Belarusian city: There was a count of not less than 100 thousand people, and crowding ... in St. Petersburg] (in Belarusian). zvyazda.minsk.by. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  7. ^ "All-Russian population census 2010 population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation". Demoscope Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  8. ^ Павел Бородин: 'Между Россией и Беларусью практически нет границ' [Pavel Borodin: 'Between Russia and Belarus, in practice there are no boundaries'] (in Russian). finance.rol.ru. 20 May 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2006.

Further reading

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