Battle of Kyzburun
| Battle of Kyzburun | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Kabardian civil wars | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Idar's coalition Bzhedugs Principality of Makhosh Principality of Zhaney Principality of Kheghach Principality of Besleney |
Kabardian princes Abazins | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Idar Yelzheruqo Khimish Bagharsuqo Altay † Qanoqo Beslan Tokhtamish † Jandjeriy Kurghoqo |
Talostan Jankhot † Dudaruko † Aybak † | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown, estimated at least 10,000 – 12,000 |
Unknown, estimated at least 10,000 – 12,000 3,000 Abazin infantry | ||||||||
The Battle of Kyzburun (Kabardian: Къызбрун зауэ) was a decisive civil conflict that took place in mid-16th century Kabardia (dated to 1537 / 1578 by Zaurbek Kojev)[a][1] to determine central authority in the region.[2][3] The battle was fought between Prince Idar, who sought to reclaim his paternal inheritance with a large coalition of Western Circassian principalities, and the Kabardian princes supported by Abazin allies.[1][2]
Different estimates suggest it may have occurred in the second half of the 16th century or the beginning of the 16th century.[4][5]
Background
Following the death of Inal, his descendant princes began claiming rights over the rule of Kabardia. Prince Idar, having been raised by his maternal grandfather, the Bzhedug prince Yelzheruqo Khimish, after the death of his father Inarmas, was deprived of his inherited lands. While in Bzhedughia, Idar rose to prominence through his military skills and personality. He became a respected figure in Western Circassia and being compared to Inal by the people.[1][2]
Approximately two years before the Battle of Kyzburun, a major civil war broke out among the princes in Kabardia aimed at seizing central authority. During this process, Prince Tokhtamish (the founder of the House of Tokhtamish) and his family were exiled from Kabardia. This exile provided a legal opportunity for intervention for Idar, who had been waiting in the Bzhedug region. Although Idar appeared as a "mediator" to defend the rights of the exiled Tokhtamish and ensure peace, his primary goal was to reclaim his paternal inheritance.[1][2] Dissatisfied with Talostan's policies, Beslan's son Qanoqo also joined Idar's coalition.[5] Prince Talostan, which was the founder of the House of Talostan, was the most prominent leader of the Kabardian side.[1] He was one of the most influental figures claiming control over Kabardia.[2] He is considered the organizer of a successful and large-scale expedition to Bakhchisarai, the capital of Crimea, in 1535 or 1536, shortly before the Battle of Kyzburun. This victory solidified his political ambitions and his authority over Kabardia.[1]
Idar gathered a massive army from Western Circassian tribes, establishing political legitimacy rather than relying only on kinship. This coalition included the Bzhedugs, Zhaney,[b][1] Kheghach (Khegayk), and Makhosh. Battle songs emphasize the scarcity of Bzhedug cavalry. To prevent bloodshed, Idar sent a delegate and proposed a division of the Kabardian people among the contending princes and a peace agreement, but this proposal was rudely rejected by the Kabardian princes. Enraged by the rejection, Idar burned villages to force the people to his side; as a result, Kabardian forces began defending themselves and retreated to the vicinity Kyzburun Mountain on the right bank of the Baksan River. The Kabardian princes, hesitant to face Idar's army in open field, took a defensive position and sought help from allies. Approximately 3,000 Abazin infantry joined this defensive line.[1][2][6] According to Shora Nogmov, the Kabardian princes relied mostly on the Abazins while preparing for the war. This reliance was because of the kinship ties by the legendary prince Inal, whose first wife was the daughter of the renowned Abazin prince, "Ashev".[2] The Kabardian princes mobilized not only princes and nobles but also the peasants.[2]
Considering the mobilization capacities of the period, it is estimated that each side deployed at least 10,000 to 12,000 troops onto the field.[1]
Battle
The Kabardian princes took a defensive position near Kyzburun Mountain on the right bank of the Baksan River, where they constructed defensive structures.[1]
Nogmov described the battle with the following words:[2]
"The massacre was terrible; the residents covered in ashes and all the people were letting out horrific screams and wails, shedding tears like rivers during the battle. Some wore Easter molds on their heads for protection. Tradition says that countless lives were lost from both sides at this site. Among the fallen princes were: Talostan, Aybak, Dudaruko, and Tokhtamish along with his son Kilish."
Some parts of the song about the battle:[1][2]
"Blood flows like a river in Kyzburun,
Our horsemen ride like Narts, gripping their reins tight.
The brave Yelzher of the Khimish, Idar is your foster son.
Qanoqo’s helmet gleams in the battle,
An arrow has pierced the forehead of Bagharsuqo Altay.
Aksakal of Chasabi whets his sword against us,
He shatters the fort gate with his great battle-axe.
The village of Baghirsa is engulfed in flames,
On the battlefield, the people of Dygulybgey weep amidst the army,
The hearts of the seven vanguards are torn apart by sword strikes.
The Bzhedug horsemen, though few, are like a plague,
The horse-riding grandsons of Qanoqo have left Kurghoqo's horses behind.
Idar’s golden shield is riddled with arrows."
Aftermath
Idar's coalition won the battle but couldn't achieve a decisive victory. The exhausted Kabardian side proposed a peace treaty, which Idar accepted.[7] Under the terms of the agreement, Idar was recognized as the "Grand Prince of Kabardia". Idar earned the right to settle anywhere he wished in Kabardia, and the region he ruled (the Cherek basin) began to be known as "Idarey". The Kabardians committed to his authority and agreed that any defiance of his rule would be met with capital punishment.[2]
One of the political consequences of the battle was the migration of Prince Qanoqo, son of Beslan, from Kabardia to the Urup valley with approximately 200 families. This is one of the legends describing the emergence of the Besleney tribe.[1] The battle laid the foundation for political ties between the Qanoqo and Idar houses, rooted in the fact that their progenitors fought side by side at Kyzburun.[4] According to a version of the battle, while there was still a minor heir of Beslan, the Kabardian princes sought to exert authority over Beslan's subjects. Beslan's subjects requested help from the Western Circassians, which subsequently led to the outbreak of the battle.[8]
Furthermore, the House of Tokhtamish never fully recovered after the death of Tokhtamish, ultimately leading to events that resulted in the removal of their prince title and the elimination of most branches. This battle permanently shifted political authority in Kabardia in favor of Idar and his descendants, a family that played a central role in diplomatic relations established with the Tsardom of Russia throughout the 16th century.[1][2]
It is suggested by some historical accounts that the House of Idar may have granted the Bzhedugs annual rights to cultivate and harvest lands within Kabardia as a reward for their critical military support, potentially attempting to integrate them into the local socio-political structure.[4]
The rise of Idar through the support of Western Circassian tribes left a lasting negative impression in the historical memory of the Kabardian people. This reliance on external forces created a lingering "crisis of psychological legitimacy" for the House of Idar. The victory triggered a violent, decades-long power struggle and blood feuds between the House of Idar and the rival Qeytuqo and Talostan houses, who refused to accept Idar’s centralized authority.[4]
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Кожев, Заурбек Анзорович. КЫЗБУРУНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ (КЪЫЗБРУН ЗАУЭ) ПО ЧЕРКЕССКИМ ПРЕДАНИЯМ В ИЗЛОЖЕНИИ Ш.Б. НОГМОВА (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ногмов Ш. Б. (1994). Т. Х. Кумыков (ed.). История адыхейского народа, составленная по преданиям кабардинцев (in Russian). Нальчик: Эльбрус. ISBN 5-7680-0850-0.
- ^ Пилипчук Я.В. Крымско-татарский фактор в истории Кабарды // Крымское историческое обозрение. 2017.
- ^ a b c d Дзамихов, Касболат Фицевич; Кожев, Заурбек Анзорович; Прасолов, Дмитрий Николаевич; Кумыкова, Джэтта Магомедовна; Абазов, Алексей Хэкуашевич (2015). Социально-политическое и культурное пространство Центрального и Северо-Западного Кавказа в XVI – начале ХХ в.: направления и динамика интеграционных процессов (PDF). Нальчик: ИГИ КБНЦ РАН. pp. 31–35, 41.
- ^ a b Бгажноков, Барасби Хациеви (2005). "О специфике и динамике военно-политического союза России и Кабарды (симмахия и ее асимметризм)". Вестник Института гуманитарных исследований КБНЦ РАН (2). Нальчик: ИГИ КБНЦ РАН: 39–86.
- ^ Карданов, Чарим Эрканович (2016). Князья Кабарды. Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых. p. 424.
- ^ Кумахов, Мухадин Абубекирович (2006). Адыгская (черкесская) энциклопедия (in Russian). Фонд Им. Б.Х. Акбашева. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-5-9900337-1-9.
- ^ ШЕУДЖЕН, А.Х. (2022). АДЫГИ В двух томах Том II (PDF) (in Russian). Майкоп. p. 194. ISBN 978-5-7992-1034-2.
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