Alfredo Toro Hardy

Alfredo Toro Hardy (born 1950) is a Venezuelan scholar and retired diplomat.^[1][2] He served as ambassador to several countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Brazil, between the early 1990s and 2017. He has authored at least 18 books and co-authored at least 12 additional books on international relations.^[3]

Toro Hardy graduated with a law degree from the Central University of Venezuela (UCV).^[1] He earned a diploma in diplomatic studies from the École nationale d'administration^[1] and a diploma in comparative law from the Paris-Panthéon-Assas University in 1975. He received a M.S. from UCV^[1] and his Master of Laws from the University of Pennsylvania in 1979.^[4] He has a doctorate in International Relations from the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations.^[1]

Toro Hardy was a Member of the Advising Committee of London's Diplomatic Academy (University of Westminster, London) in 2004.^[1] He was a visiting professor at Princeton University in 1986–1987^[1] and the University of Brasilia in 1995–1996.^[1] He was a Fulbright Scholar in 1986–1987^[5] and a Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center Resident Scholar in September 2011 and October 2017.^[6][7] He was an on-line professor at the University of Barcelona in 2004–2005.^[1]

Toro Hardy was elected by the Council of Faculties of the University of Cambridge as the Simón Bolívar Chair Professor for Latin American Studies for the period 2006–2007, but had to decline due to his diplomatic career.^[1] He was an associate professor at the Simón Bolívar University of Caracas, retiring in 1992.^[8][1] He was the Director of the Centre for North American Studies and Coordinator of the Institute for Higher Latin American Studies at the Simón Bolívar University in Caracas from 1989 to 1992.^[1] He was the Director of the Pedro Gual Diplomatic Academy of the Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1992 to 1994.^[9]

Toro Hardy is the author or co-author of at least thirty books and numerous academic articles on international affairs. The English version of his book The Age of Villages won the International Latino Book Award (best book by an author whose original language is Spanish or Portuguese) in the category of contemporary history/political sciences, at the BookExpo America in Chicago in 2003, while his book Hegemony and Empire won the same prize at the same category at the BookExpo America in Los Angeles in 2008. His books The World Turned Upside Down: The Complex Partnership Between China and Latin America (2013) and The Crossroads of Globalization: A Latin American View (2019) were reviewed in Foreign Affairs,^[10][11] while his book China versus the US: Who Will Prevail? (2020) was reviewed in International Affairs (journal).^[12] He has been a weekly columnist at the Venezuelan newspaper El Universal and a regular contributor to newspapers, magazines and analytical websites in Latin America and Europe.

His past ambassadorial posts are the following:

• Ambassador to Brazil^[13] (1994–1997)
• Ambassador to Chile^[1] (1997–1999)
• Ambassador to the United States (1999^[14][15]–2001)
• Ambassador to the United Kingdom (2001^[16]–2007)
• Ambassador to the Republic of Ireland^[1] (2001–2007)
• Ambassador to Spain (2007^[17]–2009)
• Ambassador to Singapore^[1] (2009–2017)

His Global Policy contributor biography says that he resigned from the Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2017 "in protest for the authoritarian outreach of the government".^[1]

• Commission on Globalization, National Sovereignty and Universal Challenges: Biographies of Conference Speakers and Rapporteurs
• Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 17, Number 1, April 2004, Notes on Contributors.
• Dictionary of International Biography, Cambridge, International Biographical Center
• Rafael Angel Rivas Dugarte, Quienes Escriben en Venezuela: Diccionario Abreviado de Escritores, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2006