Alexander Vostokov
Alexander Vostokov | |
|---|---|
| Born | 27 March [O.S. March 16] 1781 |
| Died | February 20, 1864 (aged 82) |
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Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov (born Alexander Woldemar Osteneck; Russian: Алекса́ндр Христофо́рович Восто́ков; 27 March [O.S. March 16] 1781 – 20 February [O.S. 8 February] 1864) was a Russian philologists.[1] He was among the first serious scholars of Russian verse and versification.[2]
Background
He was born into a Baltic German family in Arensburg, Governorate of Livonia, and studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. As a natural son of Baron von Osten-Sacken, he received the name Osteneck, which he later chose to render into Russian as Vostokov (Ost, the German word for "east," translates to vostok in Russian).[1] He liked to experiment with language and, in one of his poems, introduced the female name Svetlana, which would gain popularity through Vasily Zhukovsky's eponymous ballad.
During his lifetime, Vostokov was known as a poet and translator, but it is his innovative studies of versification and comparative Slavonic grammars which proved most influential. In 1815, he joined the staff of the Imperial Public Library, where he discovered the most ancient dated book written in Slavonic vernacular, the so-called Ostromir Gospel. In 1841, Vostokov was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences.[1]
Works
Vostokov's works on the Church Slavonic language were considered a high-water mark of Slavic studies and garnered him the doctorates honoris causa from the Charles University and University of Tübingen. He published the first edition of Ostromir Gospels (1843), an extensive Church Slavonic dictionary in two volumes (1858–1861), and a Church Slavonic grammar (1863).
Vostokov also contributed to the study of Russian: his Shortened Russian Grammar (Сокращенная русская грамматика) and Russian Grammar (Русская грамматика) were published in 1831 and republished a number of times thereafter. In his grammars Vostokov was the first to recognise Russian singularia and pluralia tantum nouns, and common gender nouns,[3] as well as set the basis for the study of Russian accentuation.[4]
Vostokov laid foundations of modern Russian toponymy. In 1812, he published an article with the title "An example to the amateurs of etymology" (Russian: Задача любителям этимологии),[5] where he argued that geographical names (toponyms) have repeating elements which he called formants and which help to restore the etymology of the name. For instance, the endings -va, -ga, and -ma in the end of such names as the Sylva, the Onega, and the Kama, may mean "water" in the languages these names originate from.[6] Whereas this article did not get sufficient attention during Vostokov's life, it did subsequently receive recognition, and Vostokov is cited as one of the founders of toponymy in Russia.[7]
References
- ^ a b c Востоков Александр Христофорович (1781–1864) (in Russian). Moscow: Учреждение Российской академии наук Институт русского языка им. В. В. Виноградова РАН и ООО "Словари.ру". Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^ Moser, Charles (30 April 1992). The Cambridge History of Russian Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-521-42567-4.
- ^ Бабичева, М. Е., ed. (2006). "Востоков Александр Христофорович". Русские филологи ХІХ века: Биобиблиографический словарь-справочник. Москва: Совпадение. pp. 133–134.
- ^ Nachtigall, Rajko (1922). Akzentbewegung in der russischen Formen- und Wortbildung꞉ I. Substantiva auf Konsonanten. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. p. 15.
- ^ Востоков, Александр Христофорович (1812). Задача любителям этимологии. Сакт-Петербургский вестник (in Russian). 4.1. (2). Saint Petersburg: 204–288.
- ^ Полищук, В. В. Древние тайны русского слова "Тюмень" (in Russian). ИА Трейд.Су. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^ Успенский, Лев Васильевич (2008). Загадки топонимики. Аванта: Мир Энциклопедий (in Russian). Moscow: ВКТ Владимир. p. 260. ISBN 978-5-17-058250-1.