Alessandra Giliani
Alessandra Giliani | |
|---|---|
Anathomia corporis humani title page (Leipzig edition dated 1493) | |
| Born | 1307 |
| Died | 26 March 1326 (aged 18–19) |
| Known for | Anatomy |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Anatomist |
Alessandra Giliani (1307 – 26 March 1326) is known as the first woman to be recorded in historical documents as practicing anatomy and pathology.[1] She's reputed to have worked as a prosector, preparing corpses for anatomical study, under the famed anatomist Mondino de Luzzi at the University of Bologna;[1][2] although all evidence of her work has been either lost or destroyed.[2] Due to the lack of records on Giliani (as well as on other Medieval women popularly connected to the University of Bologna), a number of modern historians, such as Paula Findlan, argue that Giliani was invented by notorious forger and pseudo-historian Alessandro Macchiavelli in the 18th Century; indeed, doubts had been expressed as early as 1857 in Michele Medici's History of the Bolognese School of Anatomy.[3][4] If real, however, Giliani's purported contributions to the study of anatomy would be significant.[1][2][5]
Early life and education
Giliani is believed to have been born in 1307, in San Giovanni in Persiceto, in the Italian province of Emilia-Romagna.[1] She is said to have served as an assistant to de' Liuizzi specializing in dissection demonstrations as a prosector, an anatomist who prepares corpses for dissection in academic settings.[1][2] Given her reported death at the age of 19, her involvement in anatomical studies would have occurred during her late teens.[1][2] In 1316, de' Liuizzi published a seminal text on the subject entitled, Anathomia corporis humani.[6] The earliest edition of the work was printed in Padua between 1475 and 1478.[7]
Evidence of Giliani's activities at the University of Bologna is scarce, as there are no contemporary records documenting her life. work, or graduation.[2] The reasons for this are still being debated. Some historians speculate that she may have disguised herself as a man to circumvent legal restrictions against women in medicine and academia.[2] A 1493 illustration of Mondino de Luzzi's anatomy lessons depict him accompanied by an androgynous young person, whom some believe to be a female dressed in men's clothing, and thus might represent Giliani.[2] There is also speculation that records of her work were destroyed by the church after her death, removing all traces of her accomplishments.[2]
Research and career
Despite the aura of mystery surrounding her existence, Giliani is credited with being a brilliant prosector, preparing bodies for anatomical analysis.[1][2] She reportedly developed a method of injecting colored dye, possibly made from melted wax, into the vessels of cadavers to better visualize their structure.[1] This technique provided a more detailed understanding of blood circulation, prefiguring William Harvey's work 300 years later.[2][5]
During Giliani's time, medical understanding of blood circulation was limited. Many researchers believed that blood diffused from the right to left ventricle through "invisible pores in the septum."[8] If the accounts of Giliani's work are accurate, she may have helped document the circulatory pathways centuries before Harvey formally described the heart as a pump circulating blood throughout the body.[2]
Personal life
According to some accounts, Giliani may have been engaged to Otto Angenius before her death at the age of 19.[1][2]
Legacy
Due to there being no official records of Giliani at the University of Bologna or elsewhere, there is today an ongoing debate regarding both Giliani's achievements and existence. Some scholars consider her to be a fiction invented in the 18th Century by Alessandro Machiavelli (1693–1766) as a way of promoting the case for women students at Bologna.[9][3] Others hold that the participation of a woman in anatomy at that time may have caused the authorities such offence that Giliani was edited out of history.[6]
Barbara Quick's novel, A Golden Web, published by HarperTeen in 2010, is historical fiction based on the life and times of Alessandra Giliani.[2][10] Giliani is among the 1,038 women honored in Judy Chicago's renowned art installation The Dinner Party.[4]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of world scientists (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1438118826.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Alessandra Giliani: 14th-century Italian anatomist". www.lostwomenofscience.org. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
- ^ a b https://gender.stanford.edu/news/what-italian-feminist-forgery-reveals-about-history-and-memory
- ^ a b "Components of The Dinner Party". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
- ^ a b Stadler, Marta Macho (2016-11-07). "Alessandra Giliani (1307-1326): entre cadáveres". Mujeres con ciencia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-06-12.
- ^ a b Quick, Barbara. "Alessandra in History". A Golden Web. Archived from the original on 2011-06-25. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- ^ Castiglioni, Arturo (1941). A History of Medicine. New York: Knopf.
- ^ Aird, W. C. (2011-07-01). "Discovery of the cardiovascular system: from Galen to William Harvey". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. State of the Art 2011. 9: 118–129. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04312.x. ISSN 1538-7836.
- ^ Anthony Grafton , Forgers and Critics: Creativity and Duplicity in Western Scholarship , 1990 Note 5 on p. 138
- ^ "A Golden Web". HarperCollins. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
Sources
- Castiglioni, Arturo (1941). A History of Medicine. Translated by Krumbhaar, E.B. New York: Knopf.