Alepotrypa Cave

Caves of Diros
Distinctive stalagmites and stalactites of the Diros caves
Interactive map of Caves of Diros
LocationGreece
RegionLaconia, Peloponnesus
Coordinates36°38′17″N 22°22′51″E / 36.6380°N 22.3807°E / 36.6380; 22.3807
Typehabitation, burial, ceremonial[1]
History
PeriodsNeolithic
Site notes
Excavation dates
  • 1970–2006[1]
  • 2011–present[2]
Archaeologists
  • Giorgos Papathanassopoulos
  • Anastasia Papathanasiou
  • William Parkinson
  • Michael Galaty
Public accessYes; ticket needed
WebsiteThe Diros Project

The Alepotrypa Cave (Greek: Αλεπότρυπα, 'The Fox's Hole') is a Neolithic-period archaeological site on the Mani Peninsula of the Peloponnese in southern Greece. Used for burial and cult purposes, it is one of the largest burial sites ever found in Europe. Two adult human skeletons dubbed "the Embracing Skeletons of Alepotrypa" were found at the site, from a burial dating to the 4th millennium BC; remains from at least 170 separate persons have also been uncovered. The Alepotrypa Cave was also inhabited by early farmers. It is one of the caves of Pyrgos Dirou.[3][4]

Excavation history

The Alepotrypa Cave site was threatened by private construction work between 1958 and 1970, but the Greek Ministry of Culture cancelled the "touristic exploitation" of the site. Archaeological excavations began in 1970 but were delayed until 1978 due to political complications in Greece. The site was excavated between 1978 and 2005, after which the project was largely put on hold due to lack of funding.[5] In 2010 the Diros Regional Project was founded to conduct a regional survey as the Alepotrypa excavation team began to prepare their findings for publication. Late Neolithic (LN) material has been found in the cave itself, but as of 2013 the survey team has only found material dating to the Final Neolithic (FN) in the nearby open-air areas.[6]

Geology

The Alepotrypa Cave is a karst cave. The Mani peninsula is largely Mesozoic carbonate rocks including limestone. As a result of hydrogeological conditions on the peninsula, the carbonate rocks erode to form karst caves.[7]

The cave is a natural limestone cavity in a dry, rocky landscape, about 20 meters above sea level and 50 meters from the current Mediterranean shoreline. This karstic formation stretches roughly 300 meters in length and 50 meters in width, running east to west. It features multiple corridors and six large chambers (designated A, B, Γ, Δ, Ε and Z, following the Greek alphabet) and ends in a deep lake (Chamber of the Lakes) with slightly brackish but potable water.[8][9]

Archaeology

Finds from the excavation include Late Neolithic stone, pottery and clay vessels, jewelry and weapons. Painted and incised pottery, shell beads, stone axes, and a complete flint arrowhead have been found, along with blades and flakes of Melian obsidian.[10] Silver jewelry found at the site suggests the area was wealthy, as silver was extremely rare in Bronze Age and Neolithic Europe.[11][12] A rare early copper axe, which scholars believe can be dated to the Final Neolithic period, was also found at the Alepotrypa site.[13]

Archaeologists believe that the early farmers who inhabited this area ate mostly barley and wheat, and suggest that non-lethal head injuries found on the skulls may indicate violent confrontations.[14][15][3] Primary burial, cremation, and secondary burial are all represented at the site; the site was also used for shelter and storage.[5] Evidence of cultic practice has also been found, including the head of a stalagmite-type marble idol.[16]

Analyses of trace elements in the stalagmites of the Alepotrypa Cave provide evidence of prehistoric human activities such as the burning of dry dung fuel. Analysis has also yielded evidence of climate variation, including several periods of drought.[17]

In addition to being one of the earliest-known inhabited sites in the southern Laconia region of the Peloponnese,[18] the Alepotrypa Cave is also one of the largest Neolithic burial sites in Europe.[15] Burials in the cave date from between 6,000 and 3200 BC; archaeologists have found bones belonging to at least 170 different persons. Two adult human skeletons dating to the 4th millennium BC, dubbed the "Embracing Skeletons of Alepotrypa," were found at the site, along with a Mycenaean ossuary that archaeologists believe dates to the 2nd millennium BC (see "Mythology" below).[15]

Alepotrypa Cave is noted for the way its inhabitants organized its spatial use. Areas near the entrance were used for everyday activities, with evidence of structures, burials, worn tools, and heavily worn pottery. In contrast, the deeper areas were mainly used for cultic rituals (see "Prehistoric religion"), showing evidence of the intentional breaking of decorated, rarely-used vessels, tools, and jewelry.[19]

Paul Cartledge writes that "there was apparently no transitional Chalcolithic phase in the Peloponnese" and adds that the copper tools found in the Alepotrypa Cave "provide a convenient transition" to the Early Helladic era.[12]

The settlement was abandoned around 3200 BC, after a catastrophic earthquake caused extensive damage that blocked the cave's entrance.

Mythology

Greek mythological tradition says there was an entrance to the underworld domain of Hades, god of death, at the nearby site of the Temple of Poseidon at Tainaron, on what is today called Cape Matapan. Archaeologists have speculated that a later-period Mycenaean ossuary dating from 1300 BC may have been carried to the site for reburial during the late Bronze Age.[15][20]

Some archaeologists, including lead excavator Giorgos Papathanassopoulos, hypothesize that the cultural memory of the Alepotrypa burial grounds had, by classical antiquity, become associated with the site of Tainaron.[3][15][21] [a]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Anastasia Papathanasiou, co-director of the Diros excavation added that "there's no direct evidence, but we can't rule out that possibility".[15]

References

  1. ^ a b Papathanasiou, Anastasia; Parkinson, William A.; Galaty, Michael L.; Pullen, Daniel J.; Karkanas, Panagiotis (2017-10-31). Neolithic Alepotrypa Cave in the Mani, Greece. Oxbow Books, Limited. ISBN 978-1-78570-648-6.
  2. ^ "The Diros Project" (Text). The Field Museum. 2011-11-01. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  3. ^ a b c "Ancient cave speaks of Hades myth". USATODAY.COM. Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  4. ^ "The Caves of Dirou (Glyfada and Alepotrypa) in Mani". Archived from the original on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  5. ^ a b Korka, Elena (2015-01-12). The Protection of Archaeological Heritage in Times of Economic Crisis. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7411-3.
  6. ^ Dietz, Søren; Mavridis, Fanis; Tankosić, Žarko; Takaoglu, Turan (2017-11-30). Communities in Transition: The Circum-Aegean Area During the 5th and 4th Millennia BC. ISBN 978-1-78570-723-0.
  7. ^ Harff, J.; Bailey, G.; Lüth, F. (2016-01-05). Geology and Archaeology: Submerged Landscapes of the Continental Shelf. Geological Society of London. ISBN 978-1-86239-691-3.
  8. ^ "Σπήλαιο Αλεπότρυπα Διρού". Αρχαιολογία Online (in Greek). Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  9. ^ Archaeology & Arts (2025-05-29). Σπήλαιο Διρού (Βλυχάδα) | Diros Cave (Vlychada). Retrieved 2025-05-29 – via YouTube.
  10. ^ French, E. B. (1989). "Archaeology in Greece 1989-90". Archaeological Reports (36): 3–82. doi:10.2307/581027. ISSN 0570-6084. JSTOR 581027.
  11. ^ Demoule, Jean-Paul; Perlès, Catherine (1993). "The Greek Neolithic: A New Review". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 355–416. doi:10.1007/BF00997801. ISSN 0892-7537. JSTOR 25800637.
  12. ^ a b Cartledge, Paul (2013-04-15). Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History 1300-362 BC. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-86455-2.
  13. ^ Phelps, W. W.; Varoufakis, G. J.; Jones, R. E. (1979). "Five Copper Axes from Greece". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 74: 175–184. doi:10.1017/S0068245400019353. ISSN 0068-2454. JSTOR 30103559.
  14. ^ Papathanasiou, Anastasia; Spencer Larsen, Clark; Norr, Lynette (2000-05-01). "Bioarchaeological inferences from a Neolithic ossuary from Alepotrypa Cave, Diros, Greece". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 10 (3): 210–228. doi:10.1002/1099-1212(200005/06)10:3<210::AID-OA523>3.0.CO;2-2. ISSN 1099-1212.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Embracing Stone Age Couple Found in Greek Cave". National Geographic News. 2015-02-20. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  16. ^ Dietrich, B. C. (1982). "Evidence of Minoan Religious Traditions and Their Survival in the Mycenaean and Greek World". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 31 (1): 1–12. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435785.
  17. ^ "Stalagmites from Greek caves provide new climate information - Stockholm University". Archived from the original on 2018-02-11. Retrieved 2018-02-10.
  18. ^ Cartledge, Paul (2003-05-26). The Spartans. The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-837-3.
  19. ^ "Σπήλαιο Αλεπότρυπα Διρού". Αρχαιολογία Online (in Greek). Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  20. ^ Cline, Eric H. (2012-01-01). The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-024075-2.
  21. ^ Lobell, Jarrett A.; Banyasz, Malin Grunberg; Powell, Eric A.; Zorich, Zach; Swaminathan, Nikhil; Urbanus, Jason; Laursen, Lucas; Patel, Samir S. (2013). "From the Trenches". Archaeology. 66 (4): 9–21. ISSN 0003-8113. JSTOR 24363871.
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