Al-Walid ibn Mus'ab

Al-Walīd ibn Muṣʿab (Arabic: الوليد بن مصعب) is a legendary king who appears in medieval Arabic histories regarding Ancient Egypt.[1][2] According to the Arab historians whom had transmitted the stories and traditions of him, he was the Pharaoh of the Exodus and essentially also the Pharaoh that is mentioned in the Qur'an.[3][4][5] His real name has alternatively been given as Ṭalmā ibn Qūmis in some manuscripts.[6]

His origins are heavily disputed as to whether he was a native Egyptian king, a foreign Amalekite king (from the dynasty of Ar-Rayyan), or an Arab from the Banu Lakhm tribe.[7] According to the Akhbār al-zamān, Al-Walid, whose real name was Talma ibn Qumis, was a governor of Egypt and a native who assassinated the Hyksos ruler he was serving under and took the throne for himself afterwards.[6] Arab writer Murtada ibn al-Afif agrees with this narrative, even providing the real name of the king as "Talma the Coptite."[8] Al-Maqrizi further states that Al-Walid ibn Mus'ab was the last of the Pharoahs before Daluka and her son took over rulership of the kingdom.[9] The historian Ibn Jarir al-Tabari provides an entirely different narrative, stating that Al-Walid ibn Mus'ab succeeded his brother Qabus ibn Mus'ab, who was the Pharoah who had reportedly started the oppression of the Israelites, with Al-Walid merely continuing what his brother had left.[10] Like the traditional Qur'anic narrative, the oppressive king and his army give chase to the Israelites but are drowned in the Red Sea, where in his final moments, the king tries to proclaim his faith in God, but his last minute repentance is not accepted.[2][3][5] Humourous stories about the king have also been narrated, such as a story where the king suffered from continuous diarrhea for more than a week after witnessing the staff of Moses transform into a large snake.[10]

Although Al-Walid is a purely legendary figure, attempts to link him with historical figures have been made. Egyptian archeologist Hossam Abdolfotouh identified Al-Walid with Ramesses V, the fourth ruler of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt.[11] Egyptologist and museum curator Ahmad Kamal identified Al-Walid with Amenhotep III of the Eighteenth Dynasty, based on Kamal's reading of an accessible manuscript that was written by Ptolemaic historian Artapanus of Alexandria.[12]

In modern times, the story of Al-Walid ibn Mus'ab is used by Egyptian nationalists to erase the popular narrative that the oppressive Pharoah of Moses was an Egyptian.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rosenthal, Franz (1969-03-21). Dawood, N.J. (ed.). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History (Revised ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0691017549.
  2. ^ a b Zakariyya, Abu Bakr Muhammad (2001). Kitāb al-Shirk fī al-Qadīm wa al-Ḥadīth [The Book of Polytheism in Ancient and Modern Times] (in ara). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Maktabat al-Rushd lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, al-Riyāḍ. pp. 309–310.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ a b Fodor, A. (1975). "The Role of Fir'awn in Popular Islam". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 61: 238–240. doi:10.2307/3856508. ISSN 0307-5133.
  4. ^ Cook, Michael (1983). "Pharaonic History in Medieval Egypt". Studia Islamica (57): 67–103. doi:10.2307/1595483. ISSN 0585-5292.
  5. ^ a b Fadli, Muhamad Aroka; Yunus, Badruzzaman M.; Sarbini, Ahmad; Kosasih, Engkos (2024-08-27). "The Story of the Prophet Moses and the Pharaoh in the Qur'an: An Analysis of the Implementation of Structural Da'wah". Hanifiya: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama. 7 (1): 223–232. doi:10.15575/hanifiya.v7i2.37949. ISSN 2722-2772.
  6. ^ a b Carra de Vaux, Bernard (1984). Miquel, André (ed.). L'abrégé des merveilles [The Abridged Wonders] (in French). Paris: Sindbad. ISBN 9782727400950.
  7. ^ Mas'udi (1861–1877). Barbier de Meynard, Charles (ed.). Les Prairies d’Or [Meadows of Golden] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Impr. Impériale.
  8. ^ Davies, John (1672). The Egyptian History (1st ed.). Fleet Street, London: R. B. for W. Battersby.
  9. ^ Bouriant, Urban (1895). Casanova, Paul (ed.). Description historique et topographique de l'Egypte [Historical and topographical description of Egypt] (in French). France: E. Leroux.
  10. ^ a b al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir (1999-08-29). Brinner, William (ed.). The Children of Israel. The History of At-Tabari. Vol. 3. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791406881.
  11. ^ Abdolfotouh, Hossam (2023-07-28). "Location of Pharoah of Exodus in Suez Gulf and the New Kingdom's scenario: An Interdisciplinary Approach". Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry. 17 (3): 128–131.
  12. ^ Kamal, Ahmad (1903). "Notes sur la rectification des noms Arabes des anciens rois d'Égypte accompagnée d'une notice explicative de quelques coutumes". Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien. 4: 114–115.
  13. ^ مجدى, كتب حسن (2017-09-27). "سعد الهلالي يعرض لـ"اليوم السابع" مراجع اللغة وعلوم القرآن فى اسم فرعون وأصل موطنه.. ويؤكد: تسمية "الوليد" جاءت فى 5 مراجع.. أحترم رأى علماء الآثار والمصريات.. وحديث العلم لا يعرف التجريح". اليوم السابع (in Arabic). Retrieved 2026-03-19.
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