African green bee-eater
| African green bee-eater | |
|---|---|
| Nominate M. v. viridissimus in Senegal | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Coraciiformes |
| Family: | Meropidae |
| Genus: | Merops |
| Species: | M. viridissimus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Merops viridissimus Swainson, 1837
| |
The African green bee-eater (Merops viridissimus) is a species of bird in the family Meropidae. It is found throughout arid Sahel region of Africa from Senegal east to Ethiopia, and has expanded its range north to Egypt over the past few decades.
Taxonomy
Although initially described as distinct species, the African and Arabian (M. cyanophrys) green bee-eaters were lumped with the Asian green bee-eater (M. orientalis) as the green bee-eater by Sibley and Monroe in 1990. However, in 2014, the IUCN Red List and BirdLife International again split them as distinct species. A 2020 study found significant differences in morphology and voice between all three species, so they were also split from one another by the International Ornithologists' Union in 2021.[2][3]
Three subspecies are currently accepted:[3]
- M. v. viridissimus: most of Africa from Senegal east to Ethiopia
- M. v. flavoviridis: Chad to eastern Sudan
- M. v. cleopatra: northern Sudan and Nile Valley of Egypt
A 2004 phylogenetic analysis based on plumage recovered the M. viridissimus as sister to M. orientalis, with the clade containing both being sister to M. cyanophrys.[4] However, the IOC classifies it as sister to M. cyanophrys.[3]
Description
It is 16–18 centimetres (6.3–7.1 in) long excluding the elongated central tail feathers, which are an additional 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) long. The head and body plumage is dull yellowish-green except for a slender black eyestripe with a very narrow blue line on the lower edge, and a black crescent at the top of the breast below the throat. The most distinctive traits of this species are that its throat is also yellowish-green, in contrast to the blue throats of M. orientalis and M. cyanophrys, and the central tail feathers are much longer. The wing and tail feathers are bronzed coppery-green above, and coppery-orange below. The iris is red, the bill is black, and the legs are dark grey. The juveniles are paler and duller overall, lack the elongated tail feathers and black throat crescent. The species also differs from M. orientalis and M. cyanophrys in its voice.[5][6][2][7]
Distribution
It is found throughout semiarid regions of Africa, its distribution roughly coinciding with the Sahel. It ranges from coast to coast, reaching its western extent in Senegal and eastern extent in Ethiopia. The species has taken advantage of changes to agriculture and increased irrigation in this region, and has thus increased in abundance, expanding its range along the Nile. It colonised Egypt prior to 2001 and now ranges as far north as the Nile Delta. Due to this increasing population and it benefiting from human habitat modification, it is not thought to be under threat.[1]
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Merops viridissimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22725888A119973529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725888A119973529.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-06-18.
- ^ a b c "IOC World Bird List 11.2". IOC World Bird List. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.11.2.
- ^ Burt, D. Brent (2004). "Plumage-based phylogenetic analyses of the Merops bee-eaters". Ibis. 146 (3): 481–492. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2004.00289.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
- ^ Hoyo, Josep del; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (2001). Handbook of the Birds of the World: Mousebirds to hornbills. Vol. 6. pp. 334–335. ISBN 84-87334-30-X.
- ^ Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterstroem, Dan (2023-03-16). Collins Bird Guide. William Collins. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-0-00-854746-2.
- ^ "Green Bee-eater (Yellow-throated) - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2022-01-10.